Oh ee Ad COO ee Hotels APE” AP dees Ge SAM aeTDe hn = eet nae er ee A Re oe Pe a Peleg ae re rt Lah Potted eG » Pe ee fstrhe > ne pe oT EEO TE ge se htiet np Matin te tal fot aati om Cte So ae tnt a a aad Ae '—- ee > ~~ ee ln Ton ia Gene At A Te Pan, mad - oe ae : et Or ee ne De tT Le ian a a ter ae le els a te PIPE GIL IODA Te OT te ND ee ~ > a> ~ 22 ae. - ce ET EE EE OE NG <0! 70N oO: “Gr NVINOSI Y fe 77 l, O éy Ww ASIA SNI_NVINOSHLINS SA1YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIC SMITHSC NVINOSt SMITHSC WNSTITL * S Wasi NVINOSI — a5 Ww a w _ a us a uw a 4 4 - e 4 a = o Pare e Pe e eG = oO pai ie 4 rs) . = O ie 3 Zz =] = al =z ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3luVvua z ma a aN a Zz | = “oO e w oO res 2s EK an a =) > ei ‘ rm Fae 2 at FE oi . iF - ' i) valine’ z te SNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN & 2 ae oe 1 r Az = oe XS 4 = B ZR 2 2 E ay = ue i > 2 B 5 = NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Iuvu q |ES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES S3luyvudi1 LIBRARIES INSTITUTIC xX SMITHSONIAN S31yvYalT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3INVUGIT LIBRARIES oa Lave Br INSTITUTION NN ‘S |ES SMITHSONIAN } INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAIYVud LSN!I NVINOSHLIWS Seen n ; z Z Z Z z \ ” n OW ame, n : (e) \ 3 i 2) : Z. ie = >’ = > | 2 ”Y z ” = -SNI_ NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIC aa ul 2 a 7 2 | ” eit a TT) = a a ez w vee ep ow _< Pm < Fe a NO" oa = = Pa At) = = Fz 1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVud a me w = Be) K = i as = a = a 3 E Ss Ee ¥ — = a rE = m = m nw = n = w = 2) A SJIYVYUEIT LIBRARIES ‘SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI Sa we. \ AN AN NS \N we « wet = FZ NLILSNI NVINOSHLINS sa1uvygiy LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN LP 4 Gy NVINOSH SO, Si SS ON DC SMITHSO a, jh NVINOSH SMITHSO rr ul 2 i a me = a Gy 5 ee <x Ye = Ge oe 4 1a a 4 [o-ay Y fe rs) S ra ial Zz j aJ Zz 23 RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVYINOSHLIWS z iS ce Ss) ; _ fo) se x = “f Py a ie re oa es Be | Aa tp , = a h ~ | Ges 5 : a re * EY a b ie a2 Z 5 A LILSNI NVINOSHLINS Sa IYVvug Myut BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN eK = ins x = 5 z BM 5 oy 2 8 Gd ® g FE 2 Wp = Z = > EF = > nm Pua Ww : . ES ~~ LIBRARIES s, S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES ~ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3AIYVYagI INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT_LIBRAR] see NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN Y ‘4 Mb NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN ty i e a us Zz ie = ais + ae = stag = < cS o [ca o = i a ro) = fo) at J a wall =a = AR | ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS fe S . =o 2 5 2 = Zz 2 rE > 5 - 7 = A Z om .LLSNI NVINOSHLINS S31 Yuvud 11_LIB RARI ES SMITHSONIAN N S NOILNLILSNI saiuyvuag NVINOSH. INSTI1 S3Iu INSTITUTION INSTI SMITHSONIAN RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS’ S414: INSTIT 17 LIBRARIES S3aluy 4, NVINOSHLINS INSTIT NOILNLILSNI S341 ut INSTITUTION INSTIT Entomologist’s ‘Recore AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY S.No A. JACOBS; FR_E-S: Price £1.75 net Printed in Great Britain by T. BuncLeE & Co. Lrp., Arbroath, Angus. CONTENTS III CONTENTS About the Accentuated List. C. F’. Cowan, 388. cherontia atropos L. Curious Behaviour of Larva of H. L. O’Heffernan, 357. ndrama Walker and Mercantho- myia Hendel (Divtera: Tephri- tidae). A Note on the Genera. V. C. Kapoor, 109. inthocharis cardamines ] The Green Var of Cardamines pupa (Lep.). C. F. Cowan, 396. aitype xanthomista Gregson in Ireland. R. P. Demuth, 24. satura iris L. in Surrey. G. Garton, 309. Apropos! C. F. Cowan, 71. Argynnis cydippe L. in Kintyre. The possible Occurrence of. A. J. Showler, 217 Argynnis cydinpe L. in Kintyre. | The Possible Occurrence of. J. | L. Campbell, 359. Australia. Applied Ecology used against a Fly Pest Problem in. Australian News and _ Infor- mation Bureau, 353. ‘Azores. A note on the distribution of the Rhopalocera on _ the Island of Sao Jorge—the Azores. C. A. Marsden and P. L. Wright, 179. \3iston betularia L. ab. grisea Smith in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 282. 30hemia. Butterflies of Bohemia. O. Kudona, 53. 3reconshire Lepidoptera. Notes on | Some. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 357. \3ristol Area. A Review of the | Butterflies in the. A. D. R. | Brown, 101, 210, 236, 316. 3ritish Virgin Islands. A Sample of | the Lepidovtera of the. J. A. C. | and Mrs D. F. Greenwood, 379. Jucculatrix spp. (Lep. Lyonetidae). Larval Ecdysis of. ARES IVE. | Emmet, 152. 3utterflies. Observations on British Butterhies ing 1970.09 Dr Cs J. Luckens, 259. 3utterfly Day in August. C. G. M. de Worms, 324. latocala nupta L. An Unusual || Form of. P. A. Sokoloff, 304. Yatoptilia rufipenella Hubn. (Lep. Gracillariidae). a Species new Low sBritain: bt. 9Colm Ar eM. Emmet, 291. South Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep.). Pup- ation Sites of. C. F. Cowan, 397. Charaxidae (Lepv.: Nymphaloidea). The Systematics of the. A. H. B. Rydon, 219, 283, 310, 336, 384. Clossiana selene (Schiff.): A Second Brood Specimen. R. F. Brether- ton, 325. Coleophora wockeella Zeller, 1894 (Lep.: Tineidae). The History and recorded Distribution of, with Notes on its Rearing from the Pre-hibernation Larva. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and Lt. Col. A. M. Emmet, 296 Coleoptera. British Coleoptera: Corrections and Supplementary Notes, including the addition of Axinotrasus marginalis Lap. (Melyridae) to our list. A. A. Allen, 46. Colias crocea Fourc., A Late. J. L. Gregory, 70. Collecting Lenidoptera in Britain during 1970. CuGa ven de Worms, 187. Collecting Notes, 1970. R. G. Chate- lain and D. O’Keeffe, 40. Corrigenda. G. Thomson, 100. Corrigendum. C. G. M. de Worms, 218. Cosmiotes freyerella Htibn. (ni- grella Hitibn. nec Fab.) (Lep.: Elachistidae). J. L. Gregor, 218. Cosymbia opuppilaria Hiibn. in Britain.: Addenda and Corri- genda. R. F. Bretherton, 115 Denbighshire. Early Butterflies in MewAS Se eonss lap: Dingle, 1971. H.C. Huggins, 343. Early Butterfly. An. E. G. Hancock, Tile Earwigs attracted to Light. A. Brindle, 149. End of a Decade. The. Harman, 171. Erebia aethiops Esp. ab. infasciata Warren (Lev. Satyridae). A. D. A. Russwurm, 331. Euproctis chrysorrhaea Hiibn. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) Larvae in N. W. Kent. B. K. West, 216 Essex. Mostly South Essex, 1970. R. Tomlinson, 143. Etainia sphendamni Hering and other Acer-feeding Nepticulids at Blackheath. A. A. Allen, 395. PW IV CONTENTS Euproctis chrysorrhae Hiibn. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) Larvae in N. W. Kent. B. K. West, 216. Faithful in Death. Major General C. G. Lipscomb, 394. From the Alves Maritimes’ to Albarracin (July-August 1970). C. G. M. de Worms, 29 Gortyna borelii Pierret (ssp. lunata Freyer?): a new British moth. Joe. Misher..51. Grasshoppers (Acrididae.) Some Records of, in S. W. Ireland. J. F. Burton, 392. Griposia. The Meaning of the Name Griposia. A. A. Allen, 26. Halisodota tessellaris Abbot and Smith (Lep.: Arctiidae). J. L. Gregory, 116. Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in N. W. Kent. B. K. West, 325. Heliovhilus consimilis Malm (Diptera: Syrphidae) in East Glamorgan. A. W. Pearcy, 116. Hering. The Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund, 108. Highlands, The: April 1971. R. G. Chatelain and B. F. Skinner, 215. [Hipparchia semele L.] The Ovi- position of Semele (Lep.). C. F. Cowan, 397. Holly Blue in London. C. A. Clarke, 394. Hydraecias in the Coastal Areas of Western Ireland. H. C. Huggins, sires Hydrillula palustris Hiibn, in Lincolnshire. R. E. M. Pilcher, 25% [Hypanartia lethe Fabr.] A South American Butterfly in Dorset. V. W. Philpott, 217. Incomplete development and_ re- duction in aquantity of scales occuring Occasionally in speci- mens bred in captivity. B. C. S. Warren, 147. Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint. (Lep.: Tineidae) in Herts. E. S. Bradford, 342. In Search of Lenidoptera, 1970. David Brown, 2. Inverness-shire in 1970. Comdr. G. W. Harper, 94 Lampides boeticus L. and Thecla betulae L. in Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 326. Laspeyresia saltitans Westw. (Ole- threutinae) the Mexican Jump- ing Bean Moth. J. L. Gregory, 36. [Lepidochchrysops jamesi] A new species of Lepidochchrysons Hedicke (Lep.: Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld Mts., Cane Province. D. A. Swanenoel, 97. London. Butterflies in the City of. J. A. C. Greenwood, 346. Loxostega sticticalis L. in Westmor- land. Dr N. L. Birkett, 25: Lycaena phlaeas L. J. L. Gregory, 24 | Lysandra bellargus in Kent. E. F. Hancock, 358. Macro-Lepidoptera Cannae.: The Butterflies and Moths of Canna. J. L. Campbell, 6. Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep.: Satyri- | dae). The possible existance of | temporal Sub-sneciation in. G. Thomson, 87. Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep.: Satyri- dae). The Manx Race of. G. Thompson, 91. Maniola jurtina (L.): A Breeding Experiment. Major General C. G. Lipscombe, 333. Model for Temvoral Sub-speciation. R. L. H. Dennis, 207. Monmouthshire Lepidoptera Re- cords, in) 19705" SD ranGaaeee sy: Horton, 25. Mt. Etna (Sicily) Re-visited. A. Valletta, 234 A New Race from the North Western Cave. C. G. C. Dickson and R. D. Stenhen, 255. Nenticula anomalella Goeze. An Unusual Late Brood of. S. N. A. Jacobs, 69. Nepticula speciosa Frey: A Uni- voltine or a Bivoltine Species? | A. M. Emmet, 288. Nenpticula decentella H.-S. (Lep.: Tineina) in Kent. Jee Vi Chalme2rs-Hunt, 357. Nenticula filinendulae Wocke (Lep.: Tineina) in Sussex. Jenee IVE Chalmers-Hunt, 358. Nepticulid Cocoons: An Unusual Coloration? A. A. Allen, 395. Nepticulid Cocoons: Their Gre- garious Nature. J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 26. Nepticulidae. Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lev.). Lt. Col. A. M. Emmet, 75, 136, 163, 240, 278, 300. New Forest. Butterflies in the New Forest in 1970. Rear Admiral A. D. Torlesse, 15 New Forest Mercury Vavour Light Records for 1970. L. W. Siggs, 99 »New Forest. The Future of the. S. I L. Meredith, 117. _Nymphalis antionpa (L.) at South : Harrow, Middlesex in 1970. T. ‘ G. Howarth, 153. JOak Apples. The Inhabitants of. | A. E. LeGros, 391. Papilio cinyras ridens Fassl: a new status (Lep.: Papilionidae). J. H. Masters, 83. Parascotia fuliginaria L. Watson, 112. [Parocystola acroxantha Meyr. and Hylaea fasciaria (1.) ab. prasin- aria (Schiff.)] Two ‘redis- coveries’ made in _ 1970. D: Agassiz, 39. Peacock Butterfly in Shetland. D. R. A. Rushton, 397 "Phaulernis dentella Zeller (Lep.: Tineina). Larvae of, in Suffolk. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 357. ‘Pieris pseudorapae Vty. On the Persians Worms «fsb! Ca —S: Warren, 365. Pieris Svecimens for Anroconia: the end of the ‘Hybrid Species’? S. R. Bowden ,369. Plusia gamma L. and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. in South Devon. H. L. O’Heffernan, 356. Polugonia c-album L. in North Wales. The Status of R. L. H. Dennis, 305, 390. Polyagonia c-album lL. Abundance of. Major General C. G. Lips- combe, 394. Possible Case of Dinterous Ecto- parasites Causing the Death of Nestling House Martins. J. F. Burton, 69. 'Poecilmitis violescens. A Further New Member of the Poecilmitis thysbe (L.) Group (Lep.: Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld MissiGaiG:. Cs Dickson, 1. ‘Papilio machaon L. (The Swallow- tail Butterfly). Some Egg Laying and Larval Habits of. J. McFeely, 16. ‘Paralabis Burr (Dermantera: Car- cinophoridae). Notes on the Indian Snecies of the Genus. G. K. Sivastava, 18 fPrivet Hawk Moth. A New Food Plant for the Privet Hawk Moth Larva? R. C. Revels, 394. ‘Proclossiana eunomia Esver_ in Andorra. J. V. Dacie, 86. Pseudopanthera macularia L. (Lep.: Geometridae). J. L. Gregory, 289. Ret “Ak CONTENTS V Pyrenees. A Holiday in the East Pyrenees, June-July 1970, with Notes on the Lepidoptera Observed. E. P. Wiltshire, 268, 347. Recent Cantures. E. H. Wild, 325. Rhodes. Butterflies in the Island of Rhodes, May TOMAR. CB Bretherton, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., 327 Rhyacia simulans Hufn. at Woking, Surrey. J. A. C. Greenweod, 394 Ross-shire and Sutherland Lepi- doptera Records. D. C. Hulme, 159 St Ninian’s Cave, Wigtownshire. Butterflies seen at. Cee UE Campbell, 153. Scandinavia. Butterflies in Arctic Scandinavia, 1971. M. R. Shaw, 371. Some Early and Late Records of the First Lepidoptera in 1971. C. G. M. de Worms, 324. Spider. Work of a New Forest Spider. B. W. Weddell, 24 Stag Beetles at Light. C. G. M. de Worms, 309. Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher in Yorkshire. J. A. C. Greenwood, 359. Sterrha trigeminata Haw. Second Brood. D. O.’Keefe, 335. Stigmella aceris Frey: A Second British Record. A. M. Emmet, 398. Subscriptions, 248. Suffolk. The Pyralid and Moths of. H. E. Chipperfield, 153 Syrphus albostriatus Fallen (Dip- tera: Syrphidae). A Variety of, A. J. Brown, 355. Temporal Isolation in Satyrid Butterflies. A Note on the existence of J. H. Masters, 332 Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn. A Melanic Example in Kent. C. G. M. de Worms, 324. Thestor Hubner (Lep.: Lycaenidae). A New Western Cape Species of. C. G. C. Dickson and R. D. Stephen, 131. Thestor Htibner (Lep.: Lycaenidae). A Further New Species of, from the Western Cave. C. G. @) Dickson. 155: Thoughts of the Origin and Pro- nunciation of Scientific Names. H. Symes, 249. Toadflax Brocade (Calophasia lunula Hufn.) in Surrey. P. A. Sokoloff, 325. VI CONTENTS Trifurcula immundella Zeller in Kent. F. A. Swain, 398. Undetermined Leaf-mine on Sallow. A. M. Emmet, 70. Utetheisa. The Genus Utetheisa Hiibner in Fiji with a descrip- tion of a new species (Lep.: Arctiidae). G. S. Robinson, 123. Vanessa atalanta L. Problems around. B. J. Lemovke, 199 Vanessa atalanta L. A Rare Aber- ration of, in Sussex. eeeelVe. Craske, 288. Warwickshire M. V. Recordings, 1970. (D. (Brown; 110. CURRENT NOTES Amateur Entomologists’ Society Annual Exhibition, 252. CURRENT LITERATURE Lepidoptera New Series 1, No. 10, Lepidopterologisk Forening, Copenhagen, contains two in- teresting papers by Ernest Urbahn, 27. Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Pt. 1. Lepid- optera Rhopalocera (Butterflies), edited by John Heath, 27. Atlas Provisoire des Insectes de Belgique, Mans 1-100, edited by J. Leclercq, 28. Insect Pollination of Crops, J. B. Free, 71. Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, Vol. 3, Pt. 4, 73. A. E. S. Leaflet, 30, Rearing Stick Insects, 73. A. E. S. Leaflet, 33, Traps, J. Heath, 73. A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets “of “Snain. “W.9 B: L. Manley and H. G. Allcard, 119. The Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago. M. Barcant, 120. Norwegian Species of Tribus Olethrutini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lep.: Tortricidae). M. Opheim, 122. Pleasure from Insects. M. Tweedie, 154. Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological ana Natural History Society, Vol. 4, pt. 1, February 1971, 153. The Butterflies of New Zealand. W. B. R. Laidlaw, 154. Insect Light The Why just “Schiff”? C. F. Cowan, 266. Wimbledon. The Moths of Wimble- don: Further Captures, 1962- 1970. J. V. Dacie, 204. Ypsolophus horridellus ‘Treitschke in Kent. S. N. A. Jacobs, 288 Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke. Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, 397, Ynsolophus horridellus Treitschke | in Kent. F. A. Swain, 397. Zygaena (Mesembrynus) graslini Lederer near Tel Aviv in Israel (Lep.: Zygaenidae). H. and G. Reiss, 13. Revision des Especes Portugaises du Genre Procris Fab. Lépi- doptéres de l’Algarve. Both by T. Monteiro, 252. Method of extracting genitalia of Lepidoptera. E. Beiro, 252. Flora of Changing Britain, edited by F. Perring, 252. Centurie de Lenidovteres de I’Ile de Cuba, Renrint. 253: West African Butterflies and Moths. | J. Boorman, 254. Revision of North American Species of Udea Guenee (Lep.: Pyralidae). E. Munro, 289. Taxonomy and Distribution of the Genus. Ostrina (Len.: lidae). E. Munro, 289. Revision of the Subfamily Midi- | linae (Lep.: Pyralidae), 290. Contributions to a Study of the Pyraustinae (Lep.: Pyralidae) of Temperate East Asia. E. Munroe and A. Mutuura, 290. On Copulation in Phyllolabis hemmingseui Peder Neilsen and P. mannheimsiana Peder Neil- sen (Limoniidae, Tipulidae, pipiens A. M. Hemmingsen, 290. Copulatory Adaptions of the Male Hypopygium to the Female Tergal Ovipository (cerci) in some South American Crane-Flies (Tipulidae). A. M. Hemmingsen, 290. ; Zur Kenntis der Schmetterlings fauna der Grusinischen SSR (Lepidoptera). J. Moucha, 290. P. Ae Poeys | Pyra- valves | | CONTENTS Vil ‘West African Snakes. G. S. Cans- dale and J. N. Wood, 326. “Some Observations on Sepedon | sauteri Hendel (Diptera: Scio- myzidae) during the Winter months in Fukuoka, Japan. G. P. C. Basavanna and K. Yano, 290. Zurkenntis der Blattminen der Naturschutzgebiste des Mittel- elbegebietes. H. Zoerner, 290. ‘Insects of Ontario; Geographical Distribution and Postglacial Origin, 290. Life Histories of the South African Lycaenid Butterflies. Ges CG Clark and C. G. C. Dickson, 360. An Illustrated Essay on the Noc- tuidae of America and A Colony of Butterflies. Reprints. A. R. Grote, 361. Butterflies. R. Gooden and J. Bee, 362. A Butterfly is Born. J. P. van den Eeckhoudt, 363. Seandinavian Bucculatrix Z. (Lep.: Bucculatricidae). JI. Svensson, 363. Various Papers on Lepidoptera. D Povolny, 364. Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, Vol. 4. Pt. 2, 364. OBITUARY NOTICES Perceval James Burton, 73. ‘Archibald John Wightman, 113. 4 AUTHORS l) Agassiz, D., 39, 397. (Allen, AG As, 26; 46;,-395. Birkett, Dr N. L., 25. Bowden, S. R., 369. “Bradford, E. S., 342. Bretnerton, R. B., 325; 326; 327: Brindle, A., 149. iBrown, A. BD: RR: LOL, 210; 2386, 316. Brown, A. J., 355. Brown, DD; 2: 10: ‘Burton, J. F., 69, 392. (@Gampbell, J. L.,. 6, 153, 359. (Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 26, 282, 296, 357, 358. (Ghatelain, R: G., 40, 215. (Chipperfield, H. E., 153. KGowan, C. F., 71, 266, 388, 396. (Craske, R. M., 288. (Dacie, Jie Vieersos, 204: (Demuth, R. P., 24. ‘Dennis, R. L. H., 207, 305, 390. meickson, (©: G. C, 1, 13%) 155; 255. kEmmet, Lt. Col. A. M., 70, 75, 136, 152, 163, 278, 288, 291, 296, 300, 398. Fisher, J. B., 51. Garton, G., 309. | Greenwood, Mrs D. F., 379. | Greenwood, J. A. C., 346, 358, 379, 394. Gregory, J. L., 24, 36, 116, 218, 289. Hagget, G. M., 115. Hancock, E. G., 71, 358. Harman se Wie 17a: Harper, Comdr. G. W., 94. jslormmoe, De (Gn AN IN, Yay Howarth, T: G., 153: Hugesims> Ee ©. 137, 3843: Hulme, D. C., 159. WaAcobss) SNe Acs 26s Hotes 09s) ls fi, I, PIDs Ie Bap Gish ZY 288, 289, 290, 326, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364. Kapoor, V. C., 109. Kudrna, O., 53. Le Gros, A. E., 391. Lempke, B. J., 199. Lipscomb, Major General C. G., 333, 394. muckenss Wr! Coie, 259: McFeely, J., 16. Marsden, C. A., 179. Masters) J. Et 83; 322: Meredith, S. L., 117. O’Heffernan, H. L., 357, 365. O’Keeffe, D., 40, 335 Reancya AL Wee iG: ielasthororie, We Vie, vali Pilcher Re EM, 2a: Eons) Vie VAS Ss) 35: Vill CONTENTS Reiss, G., 13. Reiss, H., 18. Revels, R. C., 394. Robinson, G. S., 123. Rushton, D. R. A., 397. Russwiirm:s Ae oO: Ave 33s. Rydon, A. H. B., 219, 283, 310, 336, 384. Shaws. R.5* Sil Showler, A. J., 218. Siggs, L. W., 99. Skinner, B. F., 215. Sokoloff, P. A., 304, 325. Srivastava, G. K., 18. Stephen, R. D., 131, 255. Swain, F. A., 397. Swanepoel, D. A., 97. Symes, H., 249. Thomson, G., 87, 91, 100. Tomlinson, R., 143. Torlesse, Rear Admiral A. D., 15. Warren, B: (G28) 1477065: Watson, R. A., 112. Weddell, B. W. 24. West, B. K., 216, 325. Vial, 19 18h, SPAS. Wiltshire, E. P., 268, 347. Worms, C. G. M. de, 29, 73, 187, 218] 309, 324. Wright, P. L., 179. Osa cr OOF 7 | <. - 1 ft.” OL. 83 No.1 Ent JANUARY 1971 Ba = : THE = ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION TACOE DUBSDSEPADADASaASeisGse CECVEL IVEY CL CUCL EVEL CVEN ELE Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of 2 A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. J. M. CHatmMeErRS-Hunvt, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S CDCERVEEEY CHEVEEVEH:, c apaqrigss bh bd i £&, ss ez “R23 1971 L/BRARIEZ R a4 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE 1st JANUARY :— 3 GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a Be .. 935/- Post Free 3 OTHER COUNTRIES .. ¥ ie ay b #. .. 40/- Post Free s Hon. Treasurer: ike Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent : SLEVENDERTEOEETEL ELIT UWBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET GRASSHOPPERS, CRICKETS and COCKROACHES of the BRITISH ISLES David R. Ragge £2.20 ‘The Wayside and Woodland series of books on natural history is now almost an institution . . . and this time Warne’s have brought out a winner .. . the author shows that these three groups of insects belong to the same evolutionary stock and compose the order Orthoptera. The forty-odd species that are the subject of his book are a harmless, but splendid company worthy of the skilled attention they now receive. All are beautifully illustrated in colour and their structure also is carefully described and the salient points important for their recognition are put together in analytical tables. The collector of these insects is thus given a tool by means of which he can know and name them. In addition there are full notes on habits and the type of locality favoured by the various species as well as diagrams that reproduce their varied songs.’ Times Literary Supplement. . a clear and concise account of all the British species of grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches and other allied orthop- teroid insects, together with a list of the diagnostic features of each species, measurements of the size range of males and females, plates of each and a nice county distribution map. There are some excellent keys which enable the species to be identified and the text is illustrated by a number of superb line drawings. A unique feature of the book is the fact that a companion record is available giving high quality recordings of each species of cricket and grasshopper.’ The Entomologist. (60p + pt for each record) FREDERICK WARNE 1-4 Bedford Court, London, WC2E 9JB PLATE I Photo by H. N. Wykeham Poecilmitis violescens spec. nov. Fig. 1. ¢ Holotype (upperside) Fig. 2. Holotype (underside) No. 23 A Further New Member of the Poecilmitis thysbe (L.) Group (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld Mountains By C. G. C. Dickson No. 23 This beautiful little insect was discovered on the Roggeveld Escarp- ment in November 1969, and it is so distinct from other taxa of the P. thysbe group that its treatment as a separate species appears to be quite justified. The male (the only sex identified as yet) shows affinity to Poecilmitis beaufortia (described by the present writer in Ent. Rec., 78: pp. 109-110, Pl. IV, 15th May 1966—see also idem, 82: pp. 93-95, Pl. V, 15th April 1970, for particulars of P. beaufortia from the Roggeveld Mountains) but, amongst other features, can be distinguished at once from this species by the considerably reduced expanse of the silvery violaceous-blue in the forewings. It is also a smaller butterfly. The male genitalia have been found to be very similar in closely allied members of the thysbe group. Poecilmitis violescens spec. nov. Male. Upperside Forewing. Blue extends up to (or at least partially up to) the black spot in cell, but leaves a prominent space of orange between this spot and the black discocellular mark; it then runs outwardly, in area lb. and either stops short of (as in the holotype) or reaches the black spot in this area and, extending along innermargin, finally reaches the lower end of the black border of the distal-margin. Costal black edging narrow; the usual black spots of the thysbe group clearly developed, and the discocellular one the largest; the black border of the distal-margin fairly broad. Cilia chequered black and white or whitish (worn in the holotype), with the white spaces mostly very small but (in the paratype) sharply defined. A shifting violaceous-pink lustre extends over part of the orange area of the wing, beyond the violaceous-blue itself. Hindwing. Blue area spreads out from the base up to about two-fifths of the length of the wing (a little more in the paratype); the violaceous- pink lustre widespread over the orange field and (in the paratype at least) extending to within 1 mm. of the wing-margin. The black spotting in the orange area very poorly developed; wing-margin partially edged with black, with a definite, narrow border down to about vein 5. Inner- marginal concavity dark greyish. Cilia black at the ends of the veins, with white intervening spaces, mixed with orange below the definite black border (but the cilia frayed in the holotype). Underside. Forewing. The black spotting in the orange area characteristic of the group (but very well developed in the holotype—as is the submarginal dark streak) and all details of marking, etc., practically as in the descrip- tion of P. beaufortia (op. cit.). Hindwing. Substantially as in P. beaufortia but in the holotype the dark marking again very pronounced; the general background pale. In the holotype there is (in addition to the more basal dark marking) a specially conspicuous, dark, curved zone of markings beyond the middle of the wing 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 and confluent with the pale liturae (not actually metallic) which are present here. Details relating to the body, etc., are essentially as described for P. beaufortia. Length of forewing: 13-14 mm. (the first measurement that of the holotype). 3 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Summit of Komsberg Pass, S.S.E. of Sutherland, Komsberg Escarpment, 27.xi.1969 (C.G.C.D.); British Muesum Reg. No. Rh. 17199. Paratype in the author’s collection, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Roggeveld Escarpment, 18.xi.1969, 1¢ (C.G.C.D.). In P. violescens the distal-margin of the forewing is unusually rounded for a male of this group of Poecilmitis. The first specimen of this butterfly to be caught was taken in a moun- tainous spot in which the more usual Roggeveld form of P. beaufortia was out in considerable numbers; while the later example, which has been used for the holotype, was caught a good many miles to the S.E. of this locality, when the area at the head of the Komsberg Pass was being searched. A species of Mesembrianthemum with bright pink flowers to which this specimen had been attracted was also being frequented by P. beaufortia and P. turneri Riley, but in decidedly small numbers, as condi- tions were very far from favourable owing to a stiff breeze which was blowing from the south west. This had increased by the following day when, after several hours’ intensive search without finding more specimens of P. violescens, it was necessary to leave the locality altogether. This small butterfly is a particularly attractive member of its group, with its beautiful silvery violaceous-blue from the wing-bases and exten- sive violaceous-pink glow beyond the blue colouring. (The coloration is fully apparent only in the paratype which, although torn, is in fresher condition than the holotype.) “Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. In Search of Lepidoptera, 1970 By Davin BROowN My Butterfly season opened on 26th March with Aglais urticae (Linn.) L. at Charlecote—a considerable number of days later than previous years and even as I write these notes in late October the same species is still on the wing near the Michaelmas Daisies. As regards Moths, although I had run the m.v. trap at home through- out the winter I commenced a series of excursions with the Heath traps covering the whole summer. The first of these was at Oakley Wood (near Warwick) on 30th March when until midnight in predominant birch Achlya flavicornis (Linn.) L., Erannis marginaria (Fabr.) L., Biston strataria (Hufn.) L., Alsophila ascularia (Schiff.) L. and Cerastis rubicosa (Schiff.) L. were all common. One Orthosia munda (Schiff.) L. and a female A. aescularia (Schiff.) L. were found on inspection of the tree trunks and herbage with the aid of a torch. A further visit on 11th April produced the same species but in smaller numbers. On this night, due to the very low temperature, the expedition was abandoned early at 11.20 p.m. IN SEARCH OF LEPIDOPTERA, 1970 3 A venture into Yorkshire at Ripon on 17/18th April, hoping to cap- ture Orthosia advena (Schiff.) L., proved unsuccessful. Another local wood (Chesterton) was blacklighted on Ist May. This particular wood has a wide variety of trees with large and recently made clearings and a few coniferous plantations. The only satisfactory moth taken was a nice dark variety of Lycia hirtaria (Clerck) L., the markings of which were similar to those of the December moth. The following evening conditions were more favourable for over 50 L. hirtaria (Clerck) L. were taken but no varieties. O. munda (Schiff.) L. was ex- tremely common and one Polyploca ridens (Fab.) L. was taken. Two days later on 4th May this wood produced about 80 moths, including seven P. ridens (Fab.) L. It was indeed pleasant during this period to collect the trap in the freshness of each morning in wonderful spring sunshine with carpets of daffodils and primroses providing a yellow panorama in the clearings. Satisfactory, too, to note that the colonies of Pyrgus malvae (Linn.) L. seemed to be on the increase hereabouts. Later on in June the morning flying Aegeria spheciformis (Schiff.) L. was seen in this same clearing. I was amazed to find in my emergence cage on 11th May a perfect gynandromorph, Anthocharis cardamines L. This was one of a dozen A. cardamines L. pupae I had purchased during last year. Aiter travelling down to Brockenhurst in the New Forest on 15th May, I set up the Heath trap and within minutes I took Odontosia car- melita (Esp.) L. followed by a second before midnight. Also attracted were very good numbers of all the common prominents including a dozen Notodonta trepida (Esper) L., many Drepana lacertinaria (Linn.) L., two Cosymbia albipunctata (Hufn.) L., one Ligdia adustata (Schiff) L., and three Cleora cinctaria (Schiff.) L. During this trip the only Butterflies on the wing were Pararge aegeria (Linn.) L., Nymphalis io (Linn.) L., and Gonopteryx rhamni (Linn.) L., -—the fritillaries not yet having emerged. On the 16th, the afternoon was spent searching the birch trunks on the heath at Lyndhurst for C. cinctaria (Schiff.) L. but without success. I ran two traps well in Hollands Wood on the 16th, about half a mile apart, one being operated in a large beech clearing and the other in a wide ride—predominantiy Oak and Birch. Results were the same—N. trepida (Esper.) L. being very common, a late P. ridens (Fab.) L., a very fresh Smerinthus ocellata (Linn.) L. and the usual common species. The following day at Lulworth found Callophrys rubi (Linn.) L. plenti- ful as well as the usual common downland species. A few Aspitates ochrearia (Rossi) L. were noted. I collected a dozen Lasiocampa trifolii (Schiff.) L. larvae before leaving at 7.00 p.m. The Heath traps were operated each night until 20th May, but only two further species came to the lights—Stauropus fagi (Linn.) L. and Clostera curtula (Linn.) L. Back in Warwickshire on the 25th, I visited the disused railway line between Kineton and Stratford upon Avon. The beating of the herbage produced great numbers of Anaitis plagiata (Linn.) L., A. efformata (Guenee) L. and a single Lampropteryx suffumata (Schiff.) L. A freshly emerged female S. ocellata (Linn.) L. was found on a willow trunk. Thirteen species of Butterfly were recorded including one not previously seen at this particular site—a solitary Pyrgus malvae (Linn.) L. 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 On 28th May the Heath trap was operated in Tile Hill Wood on the outskirts of Coventry but conditions were not good. However, many Drymonia dodonaea (Schiff.) L. were attracted. This species is certainly absent from the Warwick and Stratford localities some 10 miles away. Before leaving at midnight a single Ectropis extersaria (Hubn.) L. made an appearance. During this period at Charlecote I used the trap in local woods but the results were disappointing. June 5th found me staying for a few days at my favourite collecting ground at Crickley near Cheltenham. Warm sunshine accompanied the search of the surrounding hills. Pseudopanthera macularia (Linn.) L. was extremely plentiful, as was Phytometra viridaria (Clerck) L. One very worn A. plagiata (Linn.) L. was seen together with a few Procris statices (Linn.) L., and one Macrothylacia rubi (Linn.) L. I had hoped to see Hamearis lucina (Linn.) L., but I was out of luck. I have visited these hillsides every year since 1963 but it was only in 1969 that I have seen this Butterfly and at that time three appeared in the space of ten minutes and that in an area of less than a quarter of an acre. Many other downland butterflies were seen but I noticed a sad decline in the numbers of Aricia agestis (Schiff.) L. Many Bapta bimaculata Fabr. were flushed by beating hawthorn shrubs in the nearby woods. Again the two Heath traps were used on each night of the stay. One in a beech wood some two miles from the second situated in the more open aspect of the steep hillside, yet the results from each were very similar except for Bena fagana (Fab.) L. from the Wood. Horisme vitalbata (Schiff.) L. visited both. I am afraid I then played truant to the cause by foregoing a further evening with the traps to ensure being home for the England/ Brazil World Cup game! I journeyed down for a further week-end at this site on 20th June, mainly in the hope of boxing Horisme tersata (Schiff.) L. which in the event proved very common. By beating Old Man’s Beard, good numbers were obtained together with a few Melanthia procellata (Schiff.) L. Meanwhile at Charlecote Strymonidia w-album (Knoch) L. had ap- peared very early and was out in good numbers well before the end of June, becoming quite worn by their usual emergence time in mid July. In 1968 I had saved the colony with the willing co-operation of the local landowner. He did not pursue his original intention to fell the Wych Elm and envelop a flourishing privet hedge and waste ground into his adjoining field. The unfortunate necessity of sitting for examinations hereabouts prevented other than local collecting but having completed them I had a short expedition into Derbyshire but results in the trap were un- interesting. However, during an early evening walk at Chinley, Chapel en le Frith, I came across a very strong colony of Odezia atrata (Linn.) L. A pleasant visit to Princethorpe Wood on 11th July found Limenitis camilla (Linn.) L. plentiful, but its condition was already below collection standard. Thecla quercus (Linn.) L. was very abundant. On Saturday, 24th July, I was again camping in Hollands Wood, Brockenhurst, for a stay of ten days, and curiously within minutes of setting up the trap, Boarmia roboraria (Schiff.) L. was taken. The Heath traps were operated each night about a mile and a half into the wood. It was interesting to compare the results of the traps with that IN SEARCH OF LEPIDOPTERA, 1970 5 of the fluorescent camp building lights. The latter, as other visitors to the wood will no doubt have experienced, attracted quite numerous good species. On the 24th the traps and camp lights attracted very large numbers of all the common prominents, including Notodonta dromedarius (Linn.) L., swarms of Lymantria monacha (Linn.) L., one S. fagi (Linn.) L., many Miltochrista miniata (Forst.) L. and a single Apatele leporina (Linn.) L. Other species taken during the stay were Dasychira fascelina (Linn.) L., Lycophotia varia (de Vill) L., Geometra papilionaria (Linn.) L., Lithosia deplana (Esp.) L., Cosymbia albipunctata (Hufn.) L., Mesoleuca albicillata (Linn.) L., Horisme vitalbata (Schiff.) L., Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Hubn.) L., plus a whole hoard of commoners. I was very pleased to see Celastrina argiolus (Linn.) L. in such good numbers for in past years I thought there was a decline. As usual, Argynnis paphia (Linn.) L. and T. quercus (Linn.) L., were very com- mon. On the adjacent heath at Blacknow!le a few Anarta myrtilli (Linn.) L. were found at rest on the heather stems. Plebejus argus (Linn.) L. was plentiful. Dusk collecting on the more boggy parts of the heath area (1st August) produced a specimen of the local Scopula emutaria (Hubn.) L. and Gnophos obscurata (Schiff.) L. with several Selidosema brunnearia subsp. le: Perhaps the biggest reward of the summer’s collecting occurred in the late evening of Friday, 3lst July, after many hours of searching score upon score of pine trees I was delighted to come across Hyloicus pinastri (Linn.) L. nestling low down on a very elderly and large cedar tree. Such an exhilarating moment is full compensation for the inevitable disappointments throughout the season. During a day spent over at Lulworth on 30th July Thymelicus acteon (Rott.) L. and Argynnis aglaia (Linn.) L. were as plentiful as in other years. Two Cupido minimus Fuessly L. were seen and I located a single Cleorodes lichenaria (Hufn.) L. at rest on a wall. On Ist August White Parish Wood was visited in the hope of catching a glimpse of the most alluring sight of all—Apatura iris (Linn.) L. but alas in spite of detailed surveillance of the sites where I saw it last year it did not appear. However, before leaving the wood I netted var. Valezina A. paphia (Linn.) L., which later obliged me with a fair quantity of eggs. After five days in the local haunts at home I set off again, but this time Northwards into the Lake District, staying in the first place adjacent to Arnside Knott in Borrowdale Wood. Here again two traps were used, but apart from a few Colostygia salicata subsp. L. little of interest was caught. Erebia aethiops (Esp.) L. was again very prolife on the Knott as was Argynnis adippe (Schiff.) L. A move to near Lake Windermere was hardly more successful, yet two Tholera cespitis (Schiff.) L. and Plusia gracilis L. were boxed and although the hair-raising ascent through the Hard Knott Pass was in itself an experience, the insects at the summit were very mediocre in range despite having hoped to find Xanthorhoe munitata (Hubn.) L. and Entephria caesiata (Schiff.) L. My final expedition for the summer commenced on 25th August when I journeyed down for a few days’ collecting at Box Hill and primarily to add Hesperia comma (Linn.) L. to my collection, and I was not dis- appointed as they were found in numbers. A few Aspitates gilvaria (Schiff.) L. were on the wing, together with the usual downland butter- 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 ye Gara! flies. An interesting day on the downs at Shoreham on Sea on 27th August found Lysandra coridon (Poda) L. and Lysandra bellargus (Rott.) L. common. The blacklight produced little exceptional at Box Hill, except a single specimen of Paradiarsia glareosa (Esp.) L. and Amathes castanea (Esp.) L. Generally, I suppose the collecting season proved quite satisfying but variations in the weather were not conducive to success. I am always at a loss to understand why the favourable weather always seems to occur when I have to be indoors with my books preparing for examina- tions. Had I not found myself day-dreaming of Atropos I might even have passed! MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE The Butterflies and Moths of Canna By J. L. CAMPBELL (concluded from 82: 299) GEOMETRIDAE Geometrinae 168. Geometra papilionaria L. (Large Emerald). Two only, one near the trap on 7/7/52, the other in my garden on 22/7/56. Acidaliinae 169. Acidalia aversata L. (Riband Wave). Two only, in trap, on 31/7/63, 20/7/65. 170. A. bisetata Hufn. (Small Fan-foot Wave). Quite common, in trap, earliest, 21/7/65; latest, 25/8/67; most, 16 in 1969; 13 in 1968. 171. A. fumata Steph. (Smoky Wave). One only, in Tighard garden on 17/7/45. Hydriomenidae 172. Ortholitha limitata Scop. (Shaded Broad-bar). Common around cliffs and southern slopes inaccessible to sheep. In trap, earliest, 3/8/55; latest, 4/9/61, most, 8 in 1967, 6 in 1955, °56. Several specimens of O. limitata were seen on Heisheir on 28/7/70. 173. Anaitis plagiata L. (Treble-Bar). Common, in similar situations to O. limitata. In trap earliest, 2/7/63; latest, 13/9/67; most, 37 in 1969: 29 in 1966. 174. Carsia paludata Thunb. (Manchester Treble-Bar). Two only, in good condition, 10/8/56, 11/8/63. 175. Lobophora polycommata Hiibn. (Barred Tooth-striped). One speci- men, in trap on 6/5/69. Identified by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. 176. L. carpinata Borkh. (Early Tooth-Striped). A comparatively new- comer, probably owing to the planting of birches and alders since 1949. The first occurred in the trap on 19/4/64, and was later iden- tified for me by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. No more were taken until the spring of 1969, when the moth turned up several times, first on 25th April, then on the 29th. Specimens were also taken on the 5th and 6th of May. Most of these are of form fasciata Prout . NET 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE ia Cheimatobia brumata L. (Winter Moth). Common in gardens. On calm nights in December and January, particularly the former, the males are often seen at lighted windows. I have seen these moths at them when there was snow on the ground. The trap is very seldom used at this time of the year, but an early record is 21/11/66. Eustroma silaceata Htibn. (Small Phoenix). First in trap on 2/6/68; another on 16/8/69. Probably a consequence of the introduction of willow-herb here. Lygris testata L. (The Chevron). Common in the same kind of places as O. limitata and A. plagiata. In the trap, earliest, 28/7/68; latest, 24/9/67; most, 99 in 1955; 40 in 1969. L. populata L. (Northern Spinach). Occurs in similar places to L. testata, but not so common. Few taken in trap; earliest, 26/7/55; latest, 27/8/64. On 27/7/68 a smallish specimen with the central bar much reduced, approaching the next species in appearance, was taken, later identified as populata by Mr A. L. Goodson, at Tring. C. fulvata Forst. (Barred Yellow). Seen and taken in gardens and plantations. Few in trap; earliest, 25/7/52; latest, 27/8/64. Cidaria truncata Hufn. (Common Marbled Carpet). Common. Double brooded. Of the three forms shown on plate 13 of Moths by E. B. Ford. No. 14, nigerrimata, the dark form, is considerably the com- monest; perfumata the grey form, seems to occur mainly in the autumn brood; rufescens with the orange central area on the fore- wings is rare. Earliest, 10/5/66; latest, 23/10/56; most, 188 in 1966; 94 in 1968. The form concinnata Steph. is also here and has been confirmed by Mr R. J. Colins, but I have made no attempt to count the different forms separately. C. citrata L. (=immanata Haw). (Dark Marbled Carpet). Common, variable, single brooded; earliest, 6/7/66, ’68; latest, 28/9/67; most, 188 in 1969; 115 in 1966. C. siterata Hufn. (Red-green Carpet). Occasionally found on veronica blossoms in the autumn; in the trap, earliest, 6/6/65; latest, 4/10/51, ’68 (hibernates); Most in the trap, 22 in 1969; 5 in 1968. C. miata L. (Autumn Green Carpet). Occurrence similar to that of C. siterata, but rather commoner. In the trap, earliest, 2/5/69; latest, 20/10/62; most, 12 in 1966; 8 in 1969. Thera obeliscata Hitibn. (Grey Pine Carpet). Common, double- brooded. Often found on blossoms of thyme, ragwort, or veronica in the autumn. In the trap, earliest, 3/5/57; latest, 20/10/58, ’66; most, 49 in 1956; 19 in 1969. A dark specimen of this species has been identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher as var. pseudovariata. T. cognata Thunb. (Chestnut-coloured Carpet). Found on cliffs and rocky places where creeping juniper grows. In the trap, earliest, 6/6/59; latest, 13/10/64; most, 26 in 1968; 21 in 1969. T. firmata Hibn. (Pine Carpet). First taken in the trap on 26/8/55; earliest, 2/8/66; latest, 24/9/61; most, 5 in 1965 and ’66. Also noticed around the pine plantation below Compass Hill. T. juniperata L. (Juniper Carpet). A specimen was taken at a lighted window on 18/9/69, 193. 194. UOT: 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 ya Gare Coremia munitata Hiibn. (Red Carpet). Two specimens, one taken in the trap on 16/7/68. C. spadicearia Schiff. (Red Twin-spot Carpet). Two specimens. Separated from the following by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. C. ferrugata Clerck. (Dark Twin-spot Carpet). Four specimens. Of these two, the first was caught in the trap in 1955 and the last in 1964. Earliest, 6/6/63; latest, 22/8/55. C. designata Rott. (Flame Carpet). Found in plantations. In trap, earliest, 3/5/57; latest, 7/9/56; most, 8 in 1968; 7 in 1966. Double- brooded. Amoebe viridaria Fabr. (Green Carpet). Quite frequent in mixed plantations, but not taken in the trap until 18/7/56, and thereafter only singly in the years 1963-67. Earliest, 30/6/66; latest, 31/7/63. Malenydris salicata Hiibn. (Striped Twin-spot Carpet). Only taken three times in the trap, 7/8/57, 24/8/60, and 16/8/69. M. multistrigaria Haw. (Mottled Grey). The earliest spring geo- meter, apart from P. pedaria, and liable to be missed if March weather is unfavourable for use of the trap. Earliest, 13/3/56; latest, 8/4/69; most, 23 in 1969; 16 in 1960. M. didymata L. (Twin-spot Carpet). Common on the cliffs and sand- hills, especially in places and with weather when midges are plenti- ful. Rare in the trap; singly, 18/8/56, 2/9/65. Very common in plantations and sheltered grassy places in August 1969, when several were taken in the trap on calm nights. Venusia cambrica Curt. (Welsh wave). Two only, in tran, 23/7/65, 16/8/65. Entephria caesiata Lang. (Grey Mountain Carpet). One only, in trap in 16/7/56. E. flavicintata Hubn. (Yellow-ringed Carpet). One on a wall in my garden on 11/9/69; another in the same place on 16/9/69, and a third picked up dead in the porch of my house on 20/9/69. Identified as ab. flavopriva Scha. by Mr D. S. Fletcher. Xanthorhoe montanata Bork. (Silver-ground Carpet). Common in plantations and on grassy slopes inaccessible to sheep, above the shore; in the trap, earliest, 30/5/64; latest, 8/8/66; most, 23 in 1968; 19 in 1966. X. fluctuata L. (Garden Carpet). Common, double brooded, larvae sometimes a pest on cabbages. In trap, earliest, 13/4/67, latest, 22/9/66; most, 118 in 1968, 96 in 1966. X. galiata Hubn. (Galium Carpet). Not common. Found on cliffs and sometimes around my house. First taken on 10/7/45, the G.U.C.E. record that took me longest to confirm. Nine specimens in all taken in trap, the first on 26/7/55. Earliest, 30/5/61; latest, 3/9/66: most, three in 1968. X. sociata Borkh. (Common Carpet). Common around the plantations. The var. obscurata, which was frequent on Barra, is rare here. In trap, earliest, 5/5/69; latest 29/8/60. Double brooded in some years; most, 28 in 1968; 22 in 1969. Eulype hastata L. (Argent and Sable). One only, in trap on 13/6/66. Mesoleuca albicillata L. (Beautiful Carpet). Occasionally seen in gardens and plantations; a surprise when first observed. Two on 9/6/45; taken earlier. In the trap only on 15/7/51, 25/6/53, and 207. 208. 209. 210. 212. 213. 214. 215 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE 9 13/7/53. I have not noticed this moth here for a considerable time. M. ocellata L. (Purple Bar). Quite common in mixed planta- tions. In the trap, earliest, 29/6/53; latest, 1/9/58; most, 8 in 1968 and 1969. Perizoma affinitata Steph. (Rivulet). Fairly common around planta- tions. In the trap, earliest, 17/5/59; latest, 27/8/64; most, 19 in 1968, 13 in 1966. P. alchemillata L. (Small Rivulet). Commoner than the preceding in similar places. In trap, earliest, 21/6/66; latest, 23/8/67; most, 63 in 1968; 52 in 1969. P. flavofasciata Thunb. (Sandy Carpet). Occasionally around planta- tions. Not taken in the trap until 27/5/64, thereafter only on 2/6/65, 2/6/68, 16/6/68, and 19/6/69. P. albulata Schiff. (Grass Rivulet). On sandhills and cliffs, not often in the trap. Earliest, 8/5/53; latest, 21/7/55 (a record for 12/10/62 must be considered doubtful). Camptogramma bilineata L. (Yellow Shell). Common, especially in places not grazed by sheep, but very seldom taken in the trap, of four specimens taken in the trap over the years, the earliest was 11/8/64, the latest 4/10/61; but the moth is out in the last week of June. I do not find that dark forms predominate. Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (July Highflier). Common in the plantations. Earliest, 12/7/56; latest, 27/9/66; most 28 in 1966; 19 in 1955. H. impluviata Hubn. (May Highflier). Also common in the plantations. In the trap, earliest, 8/5/53; latest, 26/7/55; most 14 in 1964, 12 in 1952. Anticlea badiata Hiibn. (Shoulder Stripe). Larvae found on wild rose in August. Moth seen in the spring, sometimes at lighted windows. in the trap, earliest, 13/4/68: latest, 30/5/56; most, 10 in 1969; 4 in 1966. A. nigrofasciaria Goze. (The Streamer). Less often seen than the preceding. First taken on a tree in the wood behind my house on 14/5/52. Only twice in the trap, on 9/5/53 and 21/5/69. [Eupithecia sp. In view of the difficulty in distinguishing between many of the species of this genus, and of the impossibility of setting all the specimens caught in the trap, I give statistics only in the cases of the easily recognisable ones]. Eupithecia oblongata Thunb. (Lime Speck). Often seen in garden, also found at ragwort blossoms. In the trap, earliest, 26/6/63; latest, 26/8/66; most, 8 in 1956, 4 in 1968. E. pulchellata Steph. (Foxglove Pug). Found in plantations and garden where there are foxgloves. In the trap, earliest, 6/6/64: latest, 15/7/56; most, eight in 1956. E. venosata Fabr. (Netted Pug). On cliffs. Only four specimens in the trap, first on 28/5/59. Earliest in trap, 28/5/59: latest, 21/6/64. E. distinctaria constrictata Guen. (Thyme Pug). Caught in the trap in 1966 and identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher. Also taken at Garrisdale at the west end of Canna. E. assimilata Doubl. (Current Pug). Two specimens, identified by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. 10 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 E. absinthiata Clerck. (Wormwood Pug). In plantations. Confirmed by Mr R. J. Collins and Mr D. S. Fletcher. The few moth trap records are dated 7/8/56, 7/8/61 (two), 21/7/65. E. goosensiata Mab. (Ling Pug). On moorland. Confirmed by Mr R. J. Collins. No certain trap record. E. vulgata Haw. (Common Pug). Common in the garden and planta- tions. In trap, earliest, 22/5/61; latest, 14/7/68; most, 10 in 1966. E. virgaureata Doubl. (Golden-rod Pug). Identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher; taken on trap in 1966. E. lariciata Freyer. (Larch Pug). First taken in trap in 1954, identified by Mr W. H. T. Tams. This moth has become much commoner in recent years with the growth of the new plantation on the brae east of Canna House, the majority of trees there being Japanese larches. Most in the trap, 11 in 1966, when the moth first appeared on 15th July and last on 20th August. Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher. E. castigata Hiibn. (Grey Pug). Identified by Mr D. S. Fletcher from a few specimens taken in the trap in 1966 and subsequently. Others taken in 1969 identified by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. Much commoner in recent years. E. satyrata Hiibn. (Satyr Pug). Found in the plantations. Confirmed by Mr R. J. Collins. Occasionally in the trap. Also confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher in 1966, who identified a specimen of subsp. callunaria Dbedy., the same year (not typical here). E. innotata subsp. fraxinata Crewe. (Ash Pug). Associated with ash trees in my garden and in the plantations. Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher. Occasionally in the trap, earliest 17/5/59, latest, 21/7/65. E. nanata Hiibn. (Narrow-winged Pug). Common, widespread. In the trap, earliest, 3/5/57; latest, 29/7/64; most, 8 in 1968, 6 in 1966. E. sobrinata Htibn. (Juniper Pug). Associated with the creeping juniper that grows on the cliffs here. In trap, earliest 31/5/68; latest, 23/8/67; Most, three in 1964 and 1966. Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn. (Double-striped Pug). A specimen was taken in the trap on 11/8/52, identity later confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher. This remains the only certain record. Chloroclystis rectangulata L. (Green Pug). Common. In the trap, earliest, 21/6/64; latest, 31/8/57; most, 26 in 1968, 19 in 1966. Coenocalpe vittata Borkh. (Oblique Carpet). Only three records. One taken in Tighard wood on 17/7/45, identity confirmed by Mr R. J. Collins. Otherwise only two in trap, 30/7/55 and 23/7/57. Phibalapteryx lapidata Hiibn. (Slender-striped Rufous). One only, in trap on 8/10/56. Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibn. (The Gem). Three only, one in trap on 22/9/66, two (male and female) on 20/10/69. Abraxas grossulariata L. (Magpie). Common in gardens, but not found on moors here. (The small burns lined with heather and sallow, where it is found in South Uist and Barra, hardly exist on Canna). In the trap, earliest, 25/6/53, °59; latest, 25/9/66; most, 21 in 1968. 19 in 1966. Lomaspilis marginata L. (Clouded Border). One only, in trap, 30/5/69. Cabera pusaria L. (Common White Wave). Common in plantations, sometimes found on the moorland. In the trap, earliest, 23/5/51; latest, 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246 247. 248. 249. 201. 252. 253. 254. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA CANNAE ly 11/8/65; most, 23 in 1968, 14 in 1966. C. exanthemata Scop. (Common Wave). Two, in trap on 23/6/66 and 26/6/69. Confirmed by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton. Ellopia prosapiaria L. (Barred Red). A newcomer, apparently now settled in the vine plantations. First taken, in the trap, on 2/8/66. Two more specimens were taken in 1966, one in 1967, five in 1968, and two in 1969. Earliest, 2/7/68; latest, 23/8/67. Metrocampa margaritaria L. (Light Emerald). Common in planta- tions. On the trap, earliest, 24/4/56; latest, 22/8/63; most, 46 in 1968; 16 in 1969. Selenia bilunaria Esp. (Early Thorn). First taken in the trap on 17/5/52, and occasionally since. Earliest, 25/4/65; latest, 17/6/66; most, 6 in 1969; 5 in 1968. S. lunaria Hufn. (Lunar Thorn). Rare. First taken, in trap, on 30/5/64. Earliest, 26/5/65; latest, 30/5/68; most, three in 1968. (Con- firmed by Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton). Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. (Scalloped Hazel). Occasionally found around plantations in May; in the trap, earliest, 8/5/53; latest, 18/6/66; most, 7 in 1966, 6 in 1964. Himera pennaria L. (Feathered Thorn). At lighted window, Canna House, on 27/10/51. In trap, 12/10/64, 3/10/66 (two), and 19/10/69. A specimen was taken by the head lighthouse keeper at Heiskeir in 1949. Crocallis elinguaria L. (Sealloped Oak). First taken, in trap, on 30/7/55; not again until 1/8/63 (two specimens). Two more so taken in 1965, and one in 1967. Earliest, 30/7/55; latest, 28/8/67. One in 1969, on Ist August. Opisthograptis luteolata L. (Brimstone). Common; double brooded. In the trap, earliest, 10/5/66; latest, 18/9/66; most, 63 in 1968, 60 in 1966. Larvae have been found on alders. Semiothisa notata L. (Peacock Moth). First taken, in trap, on 17/5/59. Others on 9/6/63, and 28/5/68. (Originally wrongly reported as S. alternata.) Hybernia aurantiaria Esp. (Scarce Umber). One only, at lighted window in the winter of 1953-54. Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher. H. marginaria Borkh. (Dotted Border). One only, the same winter. Confirmed by Mr D. S. Fletcher. H. defoliaria Clerck. (Mottled Umber). First noticed at lighted windows in the late autumn of 1951. Has become decidedly com- moner in recent years. Very variable, some handsome strongly marked forms taken. In the trap, earliest, 3/10/64; latest, 29/1/69, but trap is not often on in winter. (Males only). Most, 19 in winter of 1966-67; 17 in winter of 1968-69. Phigalia pedaria Fabr. (Pale Brindled Beauty). Males at lighted windows in January and February. The first specimen taken was captured in the moth trap on 1/3/52. In trap, earliest, 1/12/55; latest, 1/4/69; most, 10 in 1956 (January and February). Nyssia zonaria Schiff. (Belted Beauty). Common. Under suitable conditions always appears in the trap during the last week or ten days of March. Earliest, 21/3/63; latest, 18/5/64; most, 128 in 1965, 74 in 1969. Larvae common, have been seen feeding on iris and wild cherry. 257. 259. 260. 261. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/0/71 5. Pachys betularia L. (Peppered Moth). First taken on Sanday, sitting on a rock, on 7/6/58. Later in the trap on 15/5/59, 3/5/61, 29/5/64 and 2/6/67. All typical specimens. B. repandata L. (Mottled Beauty). Very common, found every- where. In the trap, earliest, 9/6/52; latest, 2/9/63; most, 135 in 1968, 85 in 1966. Var. conversaria was caught for the first time on 16/7/66, another on 30/7/66. Gnophos obscurata Schiff. (The Annulet). On south facing cliffs and steep slopes. Not caught in the trap until 20/7/55. Earliest, 17/7/56, ’65; latest, 9/9/66; most, 5 in 1969; 4 in 1966. G. myrtillata Thunb. (Scots Annulet). Commoner than G. obscu- rata. On the moor. In the trap, earliest, 29/6/53; latest, 9/9/56; most, 17 in 1956, 16 in 1955, ’68, ’69. Ematurga atomaria L. (Common Heath). On the moorland in May. Day flier, only two taken in the trap, on 16th and 17th May 1959. Selidosema ericetaria de Vill. (Bordered Grey). Day flier, on the moor and on southern cliffs; only once taken in the trap, a very worn male on 14/8/69. Lozogramma petraria Hiibn. (Brown Silver-line). Often to be found amongst bracken in early summer. In the trap, earliest, 16/4/53; latest, 26/6/63; most, 37 in 1959; 28 in 1958. 2. Scodiona fagaria Thunb. (Grey Scalloped Bar) Rare. I have only one Canna specimen, taken on the moor behind Lamasgorr, 3/6/45. Never in trap, day flier. ZYGAENIDAE Zygaena purpuralis, Brun. (Transparent Burnet). First found on an inaccessible steep grassy cliff on Sanday by Dr Michael Harper in 1957. Another colony was found in an even more inaccessible situa- tion near the south-west end of Canna, to be reached only by sea, by the Rev. Malcolm MacLellan and myself on 13/7/63. Both these places are inaccessible to sheep. Specimens from the second colony are sometimes very dark. One of these has been presented to the Tring Museum. Z. filipendulae L. (Six-Spot Burnet). Widespread, occurring mixed with Z. purpuralis in these colonies, and scattered elsewhere, especially on Sanday. Specimens found on the Sanday purpuralis colony ground sometimes approach ab. cytisi Hubn., the pairs of spots running together. Burnets, being day fliers, are never found in the trap. HEPIALIDAE Hepialus humuli L. (Ghost Moth). Often common in the garden. In the trap earliest, 14/6/67; latest, 27/7/65; most, 13 in 1953, 8 in 1966. H. humuli’s first appearance in the trap are fairly punctual, having all taken place between June 14th and 26th, in nine years between June 22nd and 26th. H. sylvina L. (Orange Swift). Associated with bracken. This species has not much in evidence lately; only two specimens taken in the trap since 1956, on 16/8/65 and 31/7/69. Earliest, 16/6/55; latest, 7/8/52; most, three in 1952. H. fusconebulosa de Geer (Map-winged Swift). Common, associated with bracken. In the trap earliest, 2/6/54; latest, 14/8/69; most, 32 in 1953; 26 in 1968. A specimen of var. gallicus Lederer was taken in the trap on 24/6/69. PLATE II ZYGAENA GRASLINI LEDERER NEAR TEL AVIV IN ISRAEL 13 On Zygaena (Mesembrynus® )graslini Lederer near Tel Aviv in Israel (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) By Huco Reiss and GUNTHER REIss, Stuttgart In the year 1932 Hugo Reiss (1932) wrote on Zygaena grasiini Lederer and its range in Syria, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and figured the nominate race from Beirut, Lebanon. The ssp. pfeifferi Reiss from Bscharre, Lebanon, 1600-1850m, 15-30.vi.1931, leg. E. Pfeiffer & H. Kulzer, Munich, the ssp. kulzeri Reiss from Zebdani, Anti Lebanon, 1100m, 29.iv.- 17.v.1931, leg. H. Kulzer, Munich, and the ssp. rebeli Reiss from the Yuksek Dagh, Amanus Mts., beginning to the middle of April, 1932, leg. native collectors, were also described and figured. Paratypes of all the above mentioned races are in coll. Reiss and have been compared with the new subspecies described below. As the name rebeli Reiss is preoccupied, it was replaced by rebeliana Reiss & Tremewan (1964). Z. graslini was placed in the subgenus Zygaena Fabricius by Reiss (1933) and Reiss & Tremewan (1967). We acquired from Mr Heinz Czipka, Furth, Odenwald, 3¢¢,229 ofa graslini race, labelled Israel, Nir Elijahu Kibbuz, 100m, 25.iii.-9.iv.1969, leg. Czipka. The locality lies near Tel Aviv. From the same locality and with the same data Mr Czipka sent us a further 26¢ 3, 32 9, so that we have a total of 29¢ ¢, 592 9 before us. The low elevation of the biotope is rather significant when compared with the early flight period. The wingspan is as follows: ¢ ¢, 23-30 mm, 9 9, 26-285 mm. In the males the antennae are more heavily clubbed than in the females. The body is blue-black, lightly haired. The legs are likewise blue-black, the femur lightly haired, the tibia in part dirty yellow. The middle spurs on the hind tibia are absent. In fresh specimens the red coloration of the forewing spots is somewhat more fiery and warmer than in the described races. An essential characteristic is the distinct enlargement of the fore- Wing spots, especially the middle spots 3 and 4, which in 21¢ 4, 59 9, are EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fig. 1. Zygaena graslini czipkai ssp. nov., Holotype ¢~, wingspan 27 mm. Fig. 2. Z. graslini czipkai ssp. nov., Allotype 2, wingspan 28:5 mm. Fig. 3. Z. graslini czipkai ssp. nov., Paratype ¢, wingspan 28 mm. Fig. 4. Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, Holotype ¢, wingspan 25 mm. Fig. 5. Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, Allotype 2, wingspan 31 mm. Fig. 6. Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss, Paratype ¢, wingspan 25 mm. Fig. 7. Z. trifolii mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Holotype 4, wingspan 29 mm. Fig. 8. Z. trifolii mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Allotype 2, wingspan 30 mm. Fig. 9. Z. trifolii mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Paratype ¢, wingspan 28:5 mm. Fig. 10. Z. trifolu mideltica Reiss & Reiss, Paratype 2, wingspan 32 mm. N.B.—Dr Gunther Reiss and his wife found a few specimens of Z. occitanica albarracinensis Reiss & Reiss in the type locality in 1970. +) OQ *Zygaena problematica Naumann (1966), described from Namrun, Cilician Taurus, Turkey, was placed next to Z. graslini Lederer. Alberti (1958) placed graslini in the subgenus Mesembrynus Htibner. More recently, Naumann (1970) has reared the larva on Eryngium planum and also placed the species in this subgenus. 14 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD, VOL. 83 S/W aTe broadly confluent and cover a much larger area of the forewing. There are no specimens in which spots 3 and 4 are separated by the blue-black ground colour. Also the confluent spots 1 and 2 tend to be confluent with spots 3 and 4; in 8d ¢, 32 2 spot 1 is extended along the costa as far as spot 3, with which it is joined, while spot 2 in 7$ dg, 19 is broadened towards the inner margin, forming spot 2a. Spot 5 is generally larger and nearer to the confluent spots 3 and 4. Spot 6 is present in all specimens, extends towards the termen, and is confluent with spot 5. The ab. con- fluens Oberthtir, with spots 1, 2, 3 and 4 broadly confluent, is represented by 2¢ 6,19. This form was first described by Oberthir, not Dziurzynski, from Akbés, Syria, the type-specimen being figured by Tremewan (1961). On the somewhat matter underside of the forewings, the spots generally form a strong red suffusion. The red of the hindwings is somewhat less fiery than that in the forewing spots. In 5¢d¢,19, the hindwings have a narrow but distinct blue-black border, especially at the apex; in the re- maining specimens the hindwing border is absent. The fringes are blue- black. This race is named after Mr H. Czipka: czipkai ssp. nov. The holotype and allotype 2° with the above quoted data in coll. Reiss; paratypes with the same data in coll. Czipka and coll. Reiss. The <, labelled Haifa, coll. Pietsch, in coll. Reiss, that was recorded in 1932 (Reiss, 1932) has similar enlarged forewing spots and appears to be referable to czipkai ssp. nov. oy REFERENCES Alberti, B., 1958. Uber den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 34(2): 245-396. , 1959. Ibidem. Mitt. zool Mus. Berl., 35 (1): 203-242. Naumann, C., 1966. Zygaena (Subg. Zygaena F.) problematica n. sp. Z. wien. ent. Ges., 51: 10-19, figs. 1-3, pl. 1, figs. A1-A4, B. C. D. , 1970. Bemerkungen zur Biologie und zur systematischen Stellung von Zygaena graslini Lederer, 1855 (Lep., Zygaenidae). Bonn. zool. Beitr., 21: 133-136, figs. 1A-1F. Reiss, H., 1930. In Seitz, die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Supplement, 2: 20, pl. 2f. ———,, 1933. Ibidem, 2: 259, 260, pl. 16i. , 1932. Altes und Neues tber Zygaena corycia Stgr., Z. graslini Led., Z. cambysea Led. und Z. cuvieri Boisd (Lep.). Int. ent. Z., 26: 269-280, 1 pl. ——, 1935. Neues tiber asiatische Zygaenen in besonderen die Zygaenen- Fauna von Ak-Schehir in Kleinasien. Int. ent. Z., 29: 151. Reiss, H. and Tremewan, W. G., 1964. New synonymy in the Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologist’s Rec:, 16: 133: , 1967. A systematic Catalogue of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Series ent., 3. Dr W. Junk, Publishers. The Hague. Tremewan, W. G., 1961. A Catalogue of the types and other specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ente (Oi): \2ulepl. Oz, dip. tsa Address of the authors: Hugo Reiss, 7 Stuttgart 1, Traubenstrasse 15 BI. Dr Giinther Reiss, 7 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Barchet 23. BUTTERFLIES IN THE NEW FOREST IN 1970 15 Butterflies in the New Forest in 1970 By Rear Admiral A. D. TorRLEssE, C.B., D.S.O., R.N. The cold weather of early March continued with little intermission until the end of April, and spring came late. But thereafter there was little or no frost and, coming as it did after the rather favourable butterfly season of 1969, this probably accounted for the relatively good showing of our native butterflies in the New Forest and elsewhere in England later in the Year. The first Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni Linn.) appeared in my garden at Sway on 26th March, but thereafter butterflies were conspicuous by their absence until the end of April when the Brimstones appeared in numbers, with an occasional Green-veined White (Pieris napi Linn.), Peacock (Nymphalis io Linn.) and Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae Linn.). On Sth May the first Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus Linn.) appeared; this butterfly was noticed occasionally here and there in the Forest till late May, but contrary to normal experience the second brood, though short in duration, proved to be much more numerous than the first. The Brimstone was plentiful, following a very good emergence the previous summer, and was seen on the wing as late as 28th June. The Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis euphrosyne Linn.) was first noticed on 18th May, but was not fully out until some ten days later. It was noticeably more numerous in the Forest than for some years past, But another May butterfly, the Duke of Burgundy (Hamearis lucina Linn.) did not reappear in some of its old haunts in the southern half of the New Forest, from which it has been absent for several years at least. The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis selene Linn.) was not seen until 30th June and seemed to be far less numerous than A. euphrosyne. Even in such a favourable year both butterflies were much less plentiful in the New Forest than formerly. The White Admiral (Limenitis camilla Linn.), first noticed on 29th June, was well up in numbers compared with 1969. The Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia Linn.), well out by mid July, was also more numerous than for several years past, but again this year the High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis cydippe Linn.), once so plentiful in the New Forest, was very scarce indeed. Two reports of the Purple Emperor (Aparture iris Linn.) having been seen in the Forest reached me, but neither could be confirmed and one was almost certainly a case of mistaken identity. Generally, it was a good year for most of our common native species. The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria Linn.) appeared in fair numbers throughout the summer, though it never reached the extraordinary abun- dance of 1967. The Wall Brown (Pararge megera Linn.) was not much in evidence, but the Grayling (Eumenis semele Linn.) had a better year, while the Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina Linn.), Hedge Brown (M. tithonus L.), Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperanthus L.), Small Heath (Caenonympha pam- philus Linn.) and Silver-studded Blue (Plebjus argus Linn.) were all in plenty, the Meadow Brown having an unusually long season and almost certaily a second brood. But the Small Copper (Lycaena phleas Linn.) remained relatively scarce, and little was seen of the Green-Hairstreak (Callophrys rubi Linn.). The second brood of the Holly Blue was a welcome surprise; though never appearing in large numbers the butterfly was noticeable all over the 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 Forest for a short period in late July and early August, when a splendid ) emergence of Brimstones and Peacocks and rather smaller numbers of Small Tortoiseshells occurred, and the Purple Hairstreak (Thecla quercus | Linn.) was in more than usual numbers. The Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus Rott.), so scarce in many parts of the country for some years past, appeared sparingly in the Forest in August this year, and was seen in abundance on a West Hampshire down in late August, flying together with large number of Chalk Hill (Lysandra coridon Poda) and Adonis (L. bellargus Rott.) Blues, the Brown Argus (Aricia agestis Schiff.) and some belated Dark Green Fritillaries (Argynnis aglaia Linn.), a sight to gladden any butterfly lover’s heart. Although in some respects a rather notable year for our native species, it was certainly not so for the immigrants, the Clouded Yellow, Painted Lady and Red Admiral being all relatively scarce in this neighbourhood. But even in such a favourable year for the natives there was no sign of the more spectacular New Forest butterflies, notably the four species of Fritillary formerly so abundant, reappearing in their former numbers, and it is reasonable to ask why. The most noticeable change that has taken place in the Forest, apart from the much more widespread planting of conifers, is the absence of the bramble from the rides in the inclosures, and the general scarcity in these rides of flowering plants, in particular of the Dog Violet, the foodplant of all four fritillaries. Spraying of the ride verges with a brushwood inhibitor has certainly been carried out in many of the inclosures, to what extent and with what frequency is not known. It is also fairly certain that over-grazing to an ever-increasing extent since the last war by the greatly increased numbers of deer has been an impor- tant contributory cause of the scarcity within the inclosures both of the larval foodplant and of the bramble. Similarly, over-grazing outside the inclosures by the ever-increasing numbers of animals enjoying Commoners’ grazing rights has contributed to the relative scarcity of some of the heathland species, which have also to compete with more frequent heather cutting and burning as well as with the trampling of the hordes of spring and summer campers. Some Egg Laying and Larval Habits of Papilio machaon L. (The Swallowtail Butterfly) By JoHn McFEELY Early on 14th June 1970, I set out for the Norfolk Broads with the object of seeing, for the first time, the swallowtail in its natural English habitat. On arrival, disappointment appeared certain as a heavily clouded sky, supplemented by light rain and a constant north east wind was the order of the day. These conditions, quite unlike the glorious weather of the past few days, were to prevail until after my return in the late afternoon. Even the hardiest butterflies would not venture out in these almost winter-like conditions, so, leaving the net in the boot of the car, I decided to try my luck looking for swallowtail ova. Searching a small and neglected-looking reed bed, one of several found near most of the broads, it did not take long before I found milk parsley (Pseucedanum palustre) growing in the reeds. Shortly afterwards I examined a large plant at the SOME EGG LAYING AND LARVAL HABITS OF PAPILIO MACHAON L. iL edge of the reeds with several sprays growing outwards and clear of the surrounding vegetation. On one of these sprays I found the first of six ova as a result of the search on these plants, over the next hour. By this time certain factors had emerged regarding the site chosen for oviposition. It appears that the female selects those plants which afford direct and easy access. Close examination of many fine plants which did not enable an easy approach proved fruitless. One particularly fine specimen of milk parsley, several inches taller than myself and therefore over six feet high, had grown clear of the surrounding reeds, and was chosen for the site for two Ova. The dark colour of two of the ova indicated that they would shortly hatch. With a hand trowel I dug up several plants, and returning with these to the car, I noticed a small specimen of Angelica sylvestris growing in the short grass on the bank at the edge of the reed bed. Situated on this plant, within an area of less than two square inches, were four ova. I assumed that at least two females had visited this plant as two of these eggs were considerably smaller than the others. This difference in the size was most noticeable even without the aid of a lens. In order to have the best chance of rearing fine specimens, I was pre- pared to make further journeys to the broads for foodplant, but in the event only one journey proved necessary. Milk parsley last very well when potted. After two days, the first larva appeared, and within the next four days all had hatched. In the first, and for part of the second instars the larvae were kept in airtight tins with small cut sprays of milk parsley. There- after they were placed in a large breeding cage on growing plants. On my first visit to the broads, I had noticed several other reed beds a little nearer home. Ten days after my first visit I returned to the previously noted reed beds, and in the few minutes of daylight still remaining, I quickly dug up several milk parsley plants. Examination of these plants revealed four small larvae of this butterfly. Having sufficient for my needs, these were replaced on foodplant in the reed beds. It would appear that 1970 has been a good year for this magnificent creature. I placed the fresh foodplant already potted, in the breeding cage and left the occupants to themselves. Two hours later I returned to find that several of the larger larvae had transferred to the “new” foodplant, from which they had taken large bites from some of the stems, resulting in the partial collapse of the affected stems. Some too, on attempting to eat the fresh foodplant would immediately wipe their jaws on any nearby surface in an almost frantic attempt to remove the sap from which the plant gets its name. At first these observations seemed to suggest rejection of the fresh foodplant. I then noticed a smaller individual crawl on to the fresh plants and I prepared to watch its every move. Sure enough, immediately after his taking the first bite there followed the frantic jaw wiping behaviour. At this time I also noticed that some of the others were now heartily feeding on the fresh plants. After ten minutes apparent rest, the individual being watched crawled a few inches down the stalk of the leaf from which it had attempted to eat, to a point where the stalk joined the main stem, at which, just below the join, it made three or four incisions with its jaws. After a few minutes without further movement, it then returned to the leaf from which it had first attempted to eat. Almost immediately it recommenced feeding, only 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 838 by AV ATE this time the sap was no longer a problem. The whole process lasted about twenty minutes. It is a feature of the milk parsley that when a leaf, or, to a lesser extent, a stem is punctured there exudes a blob of tacky milk-like sap which gradually hardens on exposure to the air. The larvae appear not to tolerate this, and make incisions slightly lower down on the plant, which presum- ably reduce the pressure of the sap to a level which enables the larvae to feed unhindered. This behaviour continued until the larvae were fully fed although the sap does not seem to trouble the larger larvae to any great extent. The resultant imagines are the finest marked, and on average the largest I have ever seen. On the whole, I think the little extra effort (and petrol) involved in ensuring a healthy supply of growing milk parsley well worth while. As a sequel to the above, my fiancee, whilst on holiday with me at Seefeld in Austria, found a second instar larva of this butterfly on wild carrot (Daucus carota). On arrival back home, it was placed on milk parsley and exhibited, to a much more marked degree, the same behaviour as observed with the English individuals, which by this time had all pupated, following approximately three weeks in the larval state. 278 Neville Road, Forest Gate, London E.7. Notes on the Indian Species of the Genus Paralabis Burr (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae) By G. K. Srivastava, Calcutta INTRODUCTION Burr (1915) erected the genus Paralabis for the reception of the follow- ing species:—Nannopygia dohrni Kirby, 1891; Anisolabis greeni Burr, 1899; Anisolabis pervicina Burr, 1913 with Anisolabis owenii Burr, 1911 as the type species of Srivastava (1969) has established the genus Aborolabis with A. pervicina as its type. While studying the members of the family Carcinophoridae from India I have come across two more species of the genus Paralabis viz., Paralabis aborensis (Burr, 1913) and Paralabis montshadskii Bey-Bienko, 1959. On the basis of the shape of parameres, Psalis lefrovi Burr, 1910, is also placed under this genus, thus bringing the total to five species from India. Specimens of all the five species, present in the collections of the Zoologi- cal Survey of India, Calcutta, have been examined. In the present paper I have made an attempt to redefine the status of the genus and the species. Brief notes to the species are also given. DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS Paralabis BURR Male: Head triangular, longer than broad, sutures faint or obsolete; eyes black or sometimes whitish. Antennae 17 to 19-segmented, dark brown to blackish brown, sometimes a few apical segments whitish, Ist long and conical; 2nd small; 3rd long and cylindrical, slightly longer than 4th and almost equal to 5th; 4th conical or cylindrical; 5th and 6th cylindrical and rest gradually increasing in length. Pronotum quadrat, longer than broad, hind margin rounded, gently widened pos- NOTES ON THE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARALABIS BURR 19 teriorly, sides straight. Elytra abbreviated or perfect, sometimes totally absent. Legs unicolorous, often banded with black. Abdomen smooth or punctate, narrowed anteriorly, sides of 6th to 9th abdominal segments obtuse or acute, smooth or punctate, carinate or ecarinate. Ultimate ter- gite usually transverse, often longitudinal fold on sides present, median suture faint or distinct. Penultimate sternite triangular with posterior margin rounded, obtuse or acute; manubrium longer than the sternite with apex dilated. Forceps usually slightly asymmetrical, trigonal near the base, curved at apices, inner margin finely crenulate or smooth. Genitalia (figs. C and F) tynical of the family with parameres about as long as broad, broader at base or middle, narrowed towards apex, tip rounded, external margin regularly convex and inner margin generally concave; distal lobes unarmed or variously armed. Female: Similar to males except the weakly transverse ultimate ter- gite, narrowed apically; forceps simple and straight. Distribution.—Ethiopian and Oriental Regions. KEY TO THE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS Paralabis BURR 1. (2). Penultimate sternite with posterior margin emarginate .......... P. montshadskii Bey-Bienko 2. (1). Penultimate sternite with posterior margin rounded or obtuse aen(4)- Drstali lObCSHUMAGIMEG! 5. ...0ce occ 1s oe oe cree bey P. greeni (Burr) 4. (3). Distal lobes variously armed 5. (6). Distal lobes armed with a pair of chitinous, denticulate rods AUC Allan hee Ne ee mere eo onus eas P. aborensis (Burr) 6. (5). Distal lobes armed with minute chitinous teeth apically 7. (8). Elytra with posterior margin truncate .......... P. dohrni (Kirby) 8. (7). Elytra with posterior margin very slightly obliquely truncate...... P. lefroyi (Burr) comb. nov. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Paralabis dohrni (Kirby) Labidura femoralis Dubrony (nec Dohrn), 1879. Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova, 14, p. 352. Nannopygia dohrni Kirby, 1891. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 23, p. 508 (9; Ceylon). Carcinophora caeruleipennis Bormans, 1900. Das Tierreich, 11, p. 40. Carcinophora dohrni: Burr, 1902. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 14, p. 328, pl. B, fig. 20 (¢, 9; Description). Psalis dohrni: Burr, 1910. Fauna Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 76, pl. 3, fig. 19. Paralabis dohrni: Burr, 1915. J. R. micr. Soc. Lond., p. 540, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Genitalia). General colour reddish to blackish brown, pronotum yellowish on sides, femora banded with black. Pronotum longer than broad, gently widened posteriorly, sides straight, hind margin rounded, median longitudinal suture faint. Elytra smooth, shining, black or reddish with posterior mar- gin truncate. Wings generally absent, rarely present. Abdomen gently widened posteriorly, surface finely punctulate, sides of 6th to 9th abdominal segments in ¢ obtusely rounded. Ultimate tergite in ¢ transverse, on sides with a faint longitudinal fold. Penultimate sternite somewhat triangular with posterior margin rounded. 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 Length of body 3 ie) Gwithout forceps) 0. 4:26. 2.256e 10-12 mm. 9:5-12:-5 mm. senethromiorceps! 1) te. Ye. 22 2-2:5 mm. 1:9- 2-5 mm. Distribution. — India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala and Mahar- ashtra. Ceylon. Paralabis greeni (Burr) Anisolabis greeni Burr, 1899. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (7) 4, p. 257 (d, 9; Punduloya, Ceylon). Borellia greeni: Burr, 1910. Fauna Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 87. Euborellia greeni: Burr, 1911. Genera Insect., 122, p. 30. Paralabis greeni: Burr, 1915. J. R. micr. Soc., Lond., p. 540, pl. 12, fig. 2 (Genitalia). General colour varies from dark brown to blackish brown, often legs brick red. A very distinct species in having the head, pro- and mesonotum, elytra and dorsal surface of abdomen punctate. Penultimate sternite tri- angular with posterior margin obtuse. Forceps in § weakly asymmetrical, subcontiguous at base, inner margin with a faint tooth at about middle or nearer to the base. Length of body fof 12) (without forceps) ........ 11-5-23-5 mm. 16-4-18:24 mm. Length of forceps :....... 2-3 mm. 3-2- 3:42 mm. Distribution.—India: Madras and Mysore. Ceylon. Paralabis lefroyi (Burr) comb. nov. Anisolabis brunneri? Burr (nec Dohrn), 1906. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (N.S.), 2, No. 9, p. 389. Psalis lefroyi Burr, 1910. Fauna Brit. India, Dermaptera, p. 77, pl. 3, fig. 20 (g, 29; Bombay: Mahim “feeding on plantain roots”; Pusa, Bengal). Eurborellia lefroyi: Kapoor, 1967, Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 16 (1), p. 11 (comb. nov.). There are 3 $d before me (India, Madhya Pradesh, Shahdol Dist., 1 g, Amarkantak, 14.v.1962, S. Chakrapani coll.; 1 ¢, left bank of Narbada between Kund and Kapildhara, 22.v.1965; 1 ¢, Doodh Dhara, 2nd waterfall of Narbada River, Amarkantak, 9.v.1962, P. Singh coll.) which I am refer- ring to this species as these are agreeing well with the original description and illustration (pl. 3, fig. 20) of Burr (1910) except the ultimate tergite which is strongly transverse, not narrowed posteriorly and forceps curved at apices. It will be worthwhile to mention here that although the legend to Burr’s said figure reads as ‘¢’ the shape of ultimate tergite and forceps suggest it may be a 9. With these points I wrote to Mr John Huxley to kindly clear my doubt regarding the sex of the ‘Type’. He has very kindly informed me that British Museum (Natural History), London, possesses two specimens, i.e., 1 9 and another probably a ¢ nymph, both these labelled as ‘Bombay, Mahim, 22.ii.1904, on plantain roots’ which should be best regarded as ‘Syntypes’ since none of these are identifiable as ‘Types’ either from the original description or labels. And probably the Q mentioned above has been figured by Burr (1910, pl. 3, fig. 20). Following is some more information regarding the said syntypic pair as supplied by him. “1. 9. Elytra present; wings absent; sides of abdominal terga ecarinate, finely punctulate as dorsal surface. Probably the specimen figured in NOTES ON THE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARALABIS BURR 21 Fauna. 2. ? § nymph. Elytra and wings totally absent. ¢ number of abdominal terga, ecarinate, sparsely punctulate at sides. No detectable genitalia, no manubrium.” Paralabis lefroyi (Burr): ¢, A. Ultimate tergite and forceps; B. Pos- terior margin of penultimate sternite; C. Genitalia. Paralabis aborensis (Burr): 3, D. Ultimate tergite and forceps; E. Posterior margin of penul- timate sternite; F. Genitalia. (A, B, D and E same scale and C and F same scale). It has been clearly mentioned by Burr (1910 ,p. 78) that he has described the species from a single pair in poor condition, which is now deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) London, from the locality as mentioned above. There is mention of another locality (Bengal: Pusa) also in the publication. In my opinion it has been given for those speci- mens from Purneah Dist. which were earlier (1906) referred by Burr, doubtfully to A. brunneri and later on (1910, p. 78) as immature specimens of this species. Altogether ten specimens were referred to A. brunneri by Burr (1906, p. 389) which is obvious from the registered Nos. mentioned in the publi- cation. Out of these ten, only three specimens with reg. Nos. 9530-9532/14, Purneah Dist., N. Bengal (now in Bihar) and labelled as Juv. ? Psalis lefroyi Burr, are present in the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. The specimen with reg. No. 9525/14 appears to have been lost since only the pin with various other labels is left. All the specimens lack elytra and are probably the nymphs of this species as stated by Burr. 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 The species is redescribed below. Male: Head blackish brown, smooth, about as long as broad, triangular, posterior margin gently emarginate in middle, sutures faintly marked. frons tumid. Antennae 17- segmented, blackish brown except the segments 2nd, 13th and 14th yellow. Pronotum blackish brown with sides yellow, longer than broad, anterior margin straight, sides very faintly concave in middle, posterior margin rounded, median suture distinct. Elytra black with posterior margin very slightly obliquely truncate, small scutellum visible. Wings absent. Legs yellow, femora banded with black. Abdomen punctulate, gently widened posteriorly, sides of segments 6th to 9th in ¢ rugosely punctulate. Ultimate tergite (fig. A) transverse, longitudinal fold on sides present, median sulcus prominent in posterior half only. Penulti- mate sternite (fig. B) triangular with posterior margin briefly rounded, manubrium three times as long as the sternite and dilated at the apex. Forceps with branches subcontiguous at base, triangular with ridge in basal one third only, weakly asymmetrical, with right branch more curved and crossing over the left one near the apex, tip curved and pointed, inner margin finely crenulate throughout. Genitalia (fig. C). Female: Almost similar to males except the weakly transverse ultimate tergite narrowed posteriorly and forceps with branches straight, apices pointed and not hooked. Length of body fet 12) CwithoubetOECEDS)i 0. jen eee 12:2-13 mm. 9 mm. eng thvotetoneepSs ee). .5 os soe se 2-2-2 mm. 1:75 mm. Distribution.—India: Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Mysore. Remarks.—This species closely resembles P. dohrni (Kirby) but it can be easily distinguished by its slightly larger size; comparatively stouter build and the elytra obliquely truncate at the posterior margin. Paralabis aborensis (Burr) Euborellia aborensis Burr, 1913. Rec. Indian Mus., 8 (2), p. 137 (4, Assam). Paralabis aborensis: Srivastava, 1968. Ent. Rec., 80, p. 292 (comb. nov.). General colour reddish chestnut with shades of yellow and black. Elytra present or absent. Abdomen punctulate and clothed with long and reddish hairs, sides of segments 7th to 9th in ¢ carinate and rugulose. Branches of forceps (fig. D) unarmed and asymmetrical in ¢ and in 9 simple and straight. Genitalia (fig. F). Length of body ef 2 Cwithoutsforceps)) aad..4) ous: 12-4-14 mm. 12-15-99 mm Meng thwOistoncepss.on ue a. aca. 2-2:°5 mm 2-3 mm. Distribution.—India: Assam (Rotung, Janakmukh and Dibrugarh). Paralabis montshadskii Bey-Bienko Anisolabis (Paralabis) montshadskii Bey-Bienko, 1959. Ent. Obozor., 38, No. 3, p. 600, fig. 16 (¢, 9; China, Yunnan). Paralabis montshadskii: Srivastava, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Calcutta, figs. (In press). Size medium, built stout, general colour dark brown or black. Pro- notum with apical margin and sides straight, posterior margin briefly rounded. Legs unicoloured or sometimes femora banded with black, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 23 a Elytra and wings absent. Abdomen in ¢ punctulate, sides of segments obtuse, rugosely punctate; ultimate tergite transverse, narrowed apically, median suture faint, with tumid elevations laterally above the bases of forceps. Penultimate sternite in ¢ with posterior margin emarginate in middle. Forceps in ¢ heavy, trigonal in basal one third, crossing near the apex, inner margin unarmed; in © branches straight and contiguous. Length of body S$ Q (without forceps) ...... 11-5-14:63 mm. 10-35-13:01 mm. Length of forceps ........ 2:2-2-5 mm. 1:97-2:37 mm. Distribution.—India: N.E.F.A., Kameng Division, Rahung and Chug village. China: Yunnan. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, for providing necessary facilities. My thanks are also due to Mr John Huxley of British Museum (Natural History), London,, for supplying the valuable information regarding the ‘Types’ of Psalis lefroyi Burr. REFERENCES Burr, M. 1906. A Further Note on Earwigs (Dermaptera) in the Indian Museum; with Description of a New Species. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (N.S.), 2, pp. 387-390. Burr, M. 1910. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Dermaptera, pp. xviii+217, 10 pls—London (Taylor and Francis), Burr, M. 1915. On the Male Genital Armature of the Dermaptera. Part II. Psalidae. J. R. micr. Soc., 1915, pp. 521-546, pls. 10-12, figs. 58-64. Srivastava, G. K. 1969. On a new genus of Dermaptera from India. Ent. Rec., 81, pp. 246-248, fig. 1. Notes and Observations HyYDRILLULA PALUSTRIS HUBN. IN LINCOLNSHIRE—On 21st June 1902 J. F. Musham and C. P. Arnold took a male specimen of this species near a fresh water marsh in the coastal sand dunes at Theddlethorpe. Repeated visits by many entomologists have failed to produce a second specimen. On the morning of the 13th June of this year, I found a male H. palustris in the mercury vapour light trap in my meadow. Mr R. P. Demuth has very kindly confirmed the identity of this specimen. The meadow overlooks a fresh water marsh some four hundred yards away. Beyond this is some wet woodland, very reminiscent of Wood Walton Fen, and beyond this a second marsh. In both marshes there is an abundant growth of meadow-sweet. I do not think that either of these marshes has ever seen an entomologist in the past. I have only recently come to live in this area and it would appear that my time could be spent very profitably next year in a thorough investigation of this wetland area.—R. E. M. PiucHer, The Little Dower House, South Thoresby, Alford, Lincs. 16.xi.1970. 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 L208 LycaeNa PHLAEAS L.—On 7th November 1970 I observed for several minutes a small copper butterfly enjoying the afternoon sunshine on a south-facing slope above the sea at Polruan, Cornwall. The specimen looked very fresh as it fluttered among the bushes, and finally settled on a bramble leaf with wings outspread, almost under my nose. I could easily have captured it but did not do so. It would be interesting to know whether this very late individual was a straggler from the usual October emergence or whether it was the offspring of the October butter- flies which, for some reason, forgot to hibernate and completed its growth abnormally quickly for the time of year—Jouwn L. GREGORY, Lepidoptera House, 17 Grove Road, St Austell, Cornwall. 17.xi.1970. ANTITYPE XANTHOMISTA GREGSON IN IRELAND.—I spent a short time collecting in south west Ireland this October. On 11th October I had a Robinson mercury vapour light trap in the Castle grounds at Castletown- shend which is on the sea in the extreme south west corner of County Cork. The night was calm and warm and there were a lot of insects in the trap next morning. The commonest was Aporophyla nigra Haw. with about one hundred specimens. There were also three Leucania unipuncta Haw., which is almost certainly a resident in this very mild area, and one Antitype xanthomista Gregson. According to Baynes, this is the first Irish record, and it is surprising that xanthomista should not have turned up in Ireland before, in view of its presence on the facing and very similar coasts of North Cornwall and Pembroke. It is a poor specimen and I am unable to say whether it differs in any degree from the English form.—R. P. DremMutH, Watercombe House, Oakridge, Stroud, Glos. 4.xii.1970. Work oF A New Forest SPipER.—During a night’s bug hunting in the New Forest in July, the remarkable efficiency of the spider was brought home to us. We had arrived about 9 p.m., and, before deciding where to set up our light and sheet, we explored a ride which led in from the main road. Three of us walked abreast the entire length of it. About 1.30 a.m. things began to get slack in the spot we had adopted, so I decided to try the car headlights along the side ride. As soon as the beam was in position I noticed about ten yards away a large spider’s web, quite perfect with a big spider in the centre awaiting customers. The diameter of the web was about 10”. It was 3 feet from the ground, right in the middle of the path, and at first glance it appeared to be quite unsupported. Curiosity forced us to investigate and we found one sup- porting strand leading directly to a pine branch 12 feet away on the far side of a deep ditch and 8 feet up. On the other side the upper stay led to the top of a tall thistle 8 feet away. The lower stays were not quite so long, but the whole structure entirely blocked the ride. This stupendous achievement by a single spider had been completed in less than four hours. Can anybody tell us how it was done?—B. W. WEDDELL, 39 Victoria Road, Trowbridge, Wilts. 3.xii.1970. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25 LOXOSTEGE STICTICALIS L. IN WESTMORLAND.—I took a specimen of Loxostege sticticalis L. in my mercury vapour lamp trap here in New Hutton on the night of 28/29.viii.1970. I know of no previous record of this species from Westmorland but it was recorded in some numbers from the Penrith area (just in Cumberland) in 1955 (Ent. Rec., 67: 273). At the time of capture, there was no evidence of any other migratory species, and indeed, migrant moths have generally been very scarce in this district this year.—Dr NEVILLE L. BrrKert, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, near Kendal. 3.xii.1970. MONMOUTHSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS IN 1970. — Perhaps the most interesting of several unexpected species of moths I have encountered in Monmouthshire during the last two years was Parascotia fuliginaria L. a single specimen appearing in my garden m.v. trap at Usk on 8rd August 1970. I am not aware of any earlier Monmouthshire occurrences of this moth and should welcome information on any previous Welsh records. Last year on 31st July Euphyia cuculata Hufn. appeared in my trap at Usk. In a small fen in southern Monmouthshire I took this year a specimen of Leucania straminea Treits. on 10th July and later that night a Gastro- pacha quercifolia L. came to m.v. light. This is the only time I have met the Lappet in this county. At the same spot on 11th July 1969 a male Spilosoma urticae Esp. came to m.v. Hadena bombycina Hufn. which usually is rare in Monmouthshire turned up in a number of localities in 1970. 1970 has proved a good year for Celastrina argiolus L. in Monmouth- shire as in other parts of the country. Its appearance here was wide- spread and when the second brood had emerged in July and August it was not unusual to see six or more at a time flying round the hollies and other evergreens in my garden. 1958 was Gwent’s last big Holly Blue year but the numbers this time exceeded those of twelve years ago. It is gratifying to be able to report the presence this year of Limenitis camilla L. in the north of Monmouthshire. Hitherto in this country I had only seen it in the Tintern district where I observed it from 1952 to 1962. During that decade it steadily increased in numbers and extended its territory considerably but it then suddenly died out and although I have searched the area most years since then it has not reappeared. Migrants in general have been far fewer in Monmouthshire this year than in 1969. There were very few Vanessa atlanta L. and Vanessa cardui L. The moths Plusia gamma L., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., and particularly Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. were all comparatively infrequent. I saw only a few Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and but one Udea ferrugalis Hiibn. However I did see a single Colias croceus Fourc. on 28th September and one Macroglossum stellatarum L. which appeared was the first I have seen here for more than thirteen years. It may be of interest to record here that I know of three colonies of Zygaena lonicerae transferens Verity. in Monmouthshire, one being in the vicinity of Usk. Finally my m.v. trap at Usk yielded a fresh male Orthosia incerta Hufn. on the rather surprising date of 23rd October 1970. — Dr. G. A. Nett Horton. Plas Newydd, Usk, Monmouthshire. 21.xi.1970. 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 15/1/71 THE MEANING OF THE NAME Griposia.—Mr J. L. Campbell asks (antea: 296) for the meaning of this generic name in the Noctuidae. However, he has really answered his own question when he remarks that it appears to be only an anagram of Agriopis—a name that has been in use for very many years, I believe. Now in general an anagram, being nothing but a rearrangement of the letters of the original, can ipso facto have no etymological (as distinct from entomological) meaning; though just occasionally an author has succeeded, either by ingenuity or by a happy accident, in creating a meaningful anagram at least as suitable as the original name! Agriopis, like most names of genera, is taken from the Greek or made up of Greek elements, and signifies ‘wild-eyed’ or ‘of savage aspect.’ But as to why this should be specially appropriate to our handsome ‘Merveille du Jour’ and its exotic allies, Mr Campbell’s guess is as good as mine! Possibly something in the fore-wing markings may have suggested to an imaginative person the likeness of a grotesque face; or is the allusion rather to the moth’s actual ‘face’ seen from the front? In any case, the choice of many names in entomology is highly fanciful, often even entirely arbitrary.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 26.xi.70. NEPTICULID Cocoons: THEIR GREGARIOUS NATURE.—I have in previous years observed but not remarked upon the gregarious nature of these cocoons when produced in captivity. This autumn, having given more attention than before to the collecting and studying of the Nepticulid larvae, this curious habit was particularly noticeable among those species that I had collected in numbers (Nepticula viscarella Stt., N. myr- tillella Stt., N. betulicola Stt./N. luteella Stt., Stigmella poterii Stt., etc.). Although Nepticulid larvae live solitarily as leaf-miners, if a number of tenanted leaves be collected and placed together in a box one on top of another, many of the resulting cocoons will be found formed gregar- iously between certain leaves without any apparent reason for this preference. All breeders of Nepticulidae must be familiar with this behaviour, yet I cannot recall having ever read or heard of any suggested explanation to account for it. Perhaps our specialists in this group—Mr Jacobs, Col. Emmet and Mr S. C. S. Brown—would be so kind as to favour us with their views on this subject? — J. M. Cyatmers-Hunr. 30.xi.1970. [I certainly have noticed this tendency, and many years ago exhibited a group of eight or so cocoons of Nepticula aurella Stt. in the centre of a three inch glass topped box. At the time I offered the suggestion that this might be in order to facilitate mating when the insects hatched, but Dr Cockayne stated that such foresight could not possibly be attributed to these moths, and that the explanation was probably that they selected the spot which offered the best micro-climate, particularly as regards humidity.—Ed.]. CURRENT LITERATURE 27 Current Literature Lepidoptera New Series I, No. 10, Lepidopterologisk Forening, Copen- hagen, contains two papers by Ernst Urbahn, which should be of great interest to Lepidopterists. The first compares Amphipyra pyramidea L. with A. berbera Rungs., and starts by comparing the ova with highly enlarged micro-photographs by Dr. Klaus Sattler, which show marked differences in the reticulation and especially in the microphyle. The larvae are illustrated in colour showing dorsal and lateral view of both species, side by side. Drawings of the cremastal hooks of the pupae of both species give dorsal and ventral aspects and photographs of four imagines show A. berbera berbera from Algeria, A. berbera svenssoni from Zehdenick, A. pyramidea from Jena and A. berbera svenssoni from Sweden. The paper finishes by citing 13 references to papers on the subject. The paper is in the Danish language, and the only criticism of this excellent work is that it lacks the customary summary in English, French or German. The next paper by the same author deals with the two closely related species Diarsia rubi View. and D. florida Schmidt. The subject is treated similarly to that on the Amphipyra species, with micro-photographs of the egg reticulation and also very highly magnified photographs of the micro- phyle, also by Dr Sattler. The larvae are illustrated on two coloured plates, giving lateral and dorsal views of each species; there is also a drawing by the author showing segment VI of a florida larva from lateral and dorsal aspects. There is also a drawing showing the chaetotaxy of the anal segment of both species. The cremastal hooks of the pupae of both rubi and florida after O. Wilde and also six drawings by the author giving three examples of each species show differences. The imagines are compared in a coloured plate showing pairs of each species separately and the two pairs side by side. The genitalia of both species, male and female, are illustrated by drawings by the author. References to nine papers are given, but here again, a summary in another language is missing. Finally there is a coloured plate of 20 figures showing species added to the Danish list since the publication of Dr Skat Hoffmeyer’s book on the Danish Moths. The plate explanation gives short details of each of these species.—S.N.A.J. A similar paper on the Diarsia by Ernst Urbahn appears in Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 54: 8-22 with the text in the German language.—S.N.A.J. Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part I. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera (Butterflies) edited by John Heath: The Biological Records Centre, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Hunts.. 10/- (50p). This book, or rather, file, for it is bound with a plastic cliv on the loose leaf style, represents the first contribution of the Biological Records Centre to the European Invertibrate Survey. It puts together the observations of some 620 observers spread over the country whose reports have been collated by Mr Heath and his staff. who have also searched for and in- 28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 83 Gy /U/ral cluded published records. The Introduction by the Editor occupies the first page after the title page, and on its reverse side there are indices both of scientific and of Vernacular names. In his introduction, Mr Heath sets out the principle on which the distribution maps have been made. These show pre-1960 records as open circles, while 1960 onwards records are shown as filled black circles. The maps are on a 100 Km. grid, the squares of which are divided on the map margins into 10 Km. squares which can therefore be projected across the map by the use of a straight edge instead of obscuring the subject by a printed 10 Km. grid. The maps are printed one on each side, and the first map illustrates the places from which records have been received, and therefore showing the distribution of the recorders. Thereafter the maps illustrate the distribu- tion of one species per map, that of Gonepteryx rhamni L. being accom- panied by distribution maps of Rhamnus catharticus and Frangula alnus, its foodplants. In all, 57 maps are given, only the residential British species being included. The format is large quarto in stiff paper covers, and is printed by an offset process on heavy art paper. In a later edition, it is hoped to be able to show records pre-1940, 1940-1960, and 1960 to date. The work will show itself to be indispensible to all who are interested in or concerned with insect distribution. I understand that the centre has a similar work on a selected list of macro-moths in preparation.—S.N.A.J. Atlas Provisoire des insectes de Belgique, Maps 1-100, edited by Jean Leclercq. Faculte de Sciences Agronomiques de L’Etat, Zoologie Générale et Faunistique, Gembloux. The Editor of this file explains in his Introduction that the present selection of distribution maps gives species from as many genera as possible rather than the full list of species of a genus, and is issued to tide over the necessarily long time which must pass before a complete set of ‘European Distribution Maps can be issued. The first map shows the grid system used, Belgium being covered by a 100 Km. grid with an adjustment for the earth’s curvature, the squares being lettered serially for longitude and latitude. These squares are divided into 10 Km. squares, which are grouped in sub squares of 50 Km. marked 1, 2, 3 and 4. Maps 2-64 record Hymenoptera families Vespidae., Formicidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae and Siricidae. Diptera have Maps 65-88, representing Rhagonidae, and Syrphidae, while Coleoptera have Maps 89-100 in which the Cantharidae are represented. This set is also printed by an offset process on good heavy paper, the format being a small fooscap, roughly 7” x10”, with two maps per side, the binding being by two punched holes through which the two ends of a metal ribbon are threaded, the ribbon being attached to a strong paper cover. The appearance of this painstaking work should stimulate more interested observers to supply data so that further issues may be able to show the fullest possible data. The Editor, in his introduction, laments the blank spots in his maps, which are in many cases caused by a lack of observers. It is good to see this gigantic project beginning to come to the hands of the interested public, and its success is assured, for it wil] fill a very wide-felt need.—S.N.A.J. 50 BEAUTIFUL AND DIFFERENT SELECTED BUTTERFLIES OF THE WORLD Papered specimens, first choice Payment against £10 by International Money Order R. LACOURBAS 4 Rue Gambetta, 95 Montmorency, France LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. II This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) R. N. 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(Founded in 1894) BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND Phone Hamstreet 513 For over 75 years we have supplied Britisn and Foreign Live- stock, specimens Unset (papered) and set specimens British, Foreign and Exotic to collectors all over the world and of all ages and experience. We now supply Dissecting Equipment; a large range of Natural History Books; Display Cases, Storage Boxes and Cabinets to our own design. School Educational parties and clients are welcome to visit us, by appointment please. Our services are rapidly expanding, and for a small sum you can subscribe to our Catalogue Mailing Index. Please write for details. (At the same time please mention that yon have seen this notice in the ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.) CONTENTS, Vol. 83, Part I A Further New Member of Poecilmitis thysbe (L.) Group (Lepi- doptera: Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld Mountains. C. G. C. DICKSON of: a a In Search of Lepidoptera, 1970. DAVID BROWN The Butterflies and Moths of Canna. J. L. Campbell (concluded from 82: 299) On Zygaena (Mesembrynus) graslini Lederer near Tel Aviv in Israel (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). HUGO REISS and GUNTHER REISS, Stuttgart .. ay a2 a at Butterflies in the New Forest, 1970. Rear Admiral A. D. TORLESSE Some Egg Laying and Larval Habits of Papilio machaon L. (The Swallowtail Butterfly). JOHN McFEELY Notes on the Indian Species of the Genus Paralabis Burr (Demap- tera: Carcinophoridae). G. K. SRIVISTAVA, Calcutta Notes and Observations: Hydrillula palustris Hiibn. in Lincolnshire. R. E. M. PICHER L208 Lycaena phlaeas L. JOHN L. GREGORY Antitype xanthomista Gregson in Ireland. R. P. DEMUTH .. Work of a New Forest Spider. B. W. WEDDELL Loxostge sticticalis L. in Westmorland. Dr NEVILLE L. BIRKETT .. Monmouthshire Lepidoptera Records in 1970. Dr G. A. NEIL HORTON The Meaning of the Name Griposia. A. A. ALLEN Nepticulid Cocoons: Their Gregarious Nature. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT Current Literature Butterflies and Moths of Kent, III. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT 13 15 16 18 (59) THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WORLD We are pleased to offer an unparalleled service to the collector, both specialist and beginner. Our huge stocks of world lepidoptera contain many great rarities as well as the better-known species. We have contacts in all parts of the world and new material arrives daily. We may have just the specimen you are looking for among the large and important collections we have purchased. If you are a collector of the butterflies of the world you just cannot afford to miss our monthly published lists. These lists are sent out every month of the year. In addition to butterflies they will contain offers of second- hand cabinets, new equipment, livestock and bargain specimen lots. We are also pleased to offer our general catalogue of the complete range of collecting, breeding and storage equipment. 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Hugh Newman Every insect order found in the British Isles is outlined in this pocket book, and more than 200 species are illus- trated. There is an introduction deal- ing with anatomy, production of sound, colouration, classification, etc. Separate sections deal with the sub- class Apterygota, with each of the divisions of the sub-class Pterygota and with spiders. More than half of the 322 illustrations are in full colour, and the size is given of each insect illustrated. A useful reference book for the beginner and expert alike. 45p net INTRODUCING THE INSECT F. A. Urquhart This introduction to entomological study combines clarity of expression with comprehensiveness to give the newcomer a thorough and disciplined foundation in the science. Dr Urquhart begins by defining the insect, then ex- plains methods of collection, anatomy and life history, classification and identification. An identification key enables the collector to establish the genus and to familarize himself with the insect. Illustrated throughout with detailed line drawings by E. B. S. Logier. £1.60 net 1-4 Bedford Court, London, WC2E 9JB 29 From the Alpes Maritimes to Albarracin (July-August 1970) By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D. The region of the Alpes Maritimes is indeed one of the richest for lepidoptera not only in France, but also for Europe as a whole. I made this area my venue during the last days of July 1970 when I had arranged a rendezvous there with Major-General Sir George Johnson who had been on a collecting tour, mainly in Switzerland. This was my third visit to this grand moutainous area stretching back from the Cote d’Azur which I had already sampled in July 1955 in company with Col. C. W. Mackworth Praed (vide Entom., 89: 26) and again with Mr R. F. Brether- ton in August 1962 en route from Corisca. I flew from London to Nice on July 26th where I was surprised to find M. Dujardin and his niece awaiting for me at the airport, as I had acquainted him on my imminent visit. It was a glorious Sunday after- noon when we motored on the road via Grasse to Coussols where there was a galaxy of butterflies on the wing. The collecting ground was a large open valley bordered on one side with out-crops of limestone pave- ment among small low-growing bushes. Of the twenty-six species of butterflies observed during the few hours that afternoon among the Pierids most prominent was Aporia crataegi L. The Satyrids were well to the fore with many Hipparchia alcyone D. & S. as well as Coeno- nympha dorus Esp., while Satyrus bryce Hitibn (cordula Esp.) accompanied some early Arethusana arethusa Schiff. The only Fritillaries seen were Argynnis aglaia L., Clossiana dia L., a few worn Brenthis hecate Schiff. and Melitaea phoebe Schiff. By far the most numerous group were the Lycaenids with swarms of Strymon spini Schiff. and a large number of Lysandra coridon Poda, also L. bellargus Rott., some very fine Agrodiae- tus damon Schiff., an occasional Plebeius argus and Philotes baton Bgstr. The Hesperids were mainly represented by Pyrgus foulquieri Oberthur and P. carthami Hubn. Agapetes galatea L. and Satyrus semele L. were also in great plenty. We returned to Nice in the brilliant sunshine of the summer’s evening and threaded our way along the crowded Promenade des Anglais after a very fruitful start to the trip. I stayed overnight in this vast city in a small hotel near the station and not far from M. Dujardin’s home and early the following day I picked up a small Renault at the airport and sped up the road towards St Martin Vésubie which I last visited in 1962. It was a glorious day again with plenty on the wing to keep me busy. Halting at a clearing a few miles south of this well-known resort, I found a clump of buddleia bushes in full bloom and alive with butterflies, chiefly Argynnis paphia L., A. adippe Rott. in a very large and bright form, also lots of Brintesia circe Fab., Aglais urticae L. while further down along the road near one of the gorges were flying many Parnassius apollo L., Satyrus bryce Huibn. (cordula Fab.), with a few Iphiclides podalirius L. On reaching St Martin I at once made my way up the six miles of steep valley to the old hospice of La Madone de Fenestre which had proved so fruitful eight years before, but unfortunately it was much less prolific on this occasion. There were a few Erebias flying, mainly E. alberganus de Prun. (ceto Hiibn.), E. cassioides R. & Hochenwarth and E. montanus de Prun (goante Esp.). But the chief quarry Boloria graeca Stdgr. so common there 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71 1-15/ 370 2 in 1962, did not put in an appearance, only an occasional B. pales Schiff. A few Colias phicomone Esp. were careering about the slopes. Returning through St Martin I then motored up the very steep five miles of winding road to the Col de la Colmiane at 5000 ft. which had been my main col- lecting ground in 1955 and 1962. In a small dry valley which had been a favourite haunt I found a good many Melitaea didyma Esp., M. phoebe Schiff., with Plebeius argus L., a single Maculinea arion L. Late that afternoon I made the very precipitous descent to the valley of the Tinée and returned to Nice. Another warm and bright morning welcomed me on July 28th when I left Nice and again wended my way up the same valley as the previous day, but this time I followed the Tinée all the way. I happened to stop by a small lavender bank where a lot of sea buckthorn was growing and was pleased to find a number of Lycacides idas. f. calliopis Bdv. feeding on the flowers of the lavender. There are those who consider this insect a species on its own as its larvae seem to feed exclusively on the Rhamnoides. After depositing my luggage at the Hotel Issautier at St Etienne de Tinée I made my way up the steep road to the ski resort of Auron where a flowery field produced many Argynnis aglaia L., A. niobe L., Coenonympha iphis Schiff. and Satyrus actaea Esp. in a nearby wood. I next ascended in the téléférique to 7500 ft. where it was very windy. A few small Erebias were flying at this altitude which appeared. to be E. gorge Hubn. I descended again to St Etienne to find Gen. Sir G. John- son had just arrived from Italy. The 29th broke another fine day when we motored up the Col du Restefond to a height of nearly 8000 ft. We halted at an old army camp at the end of a number of zig-zags as this was said to be a locality of Erebia scipio Bdv., but the only members of this genus which we saw on the rocky and grassy slopes were a small form of E. meolans de Prun. (stygne Ochs.) and E. epiphron Knoch. Soon about noon the whole sky became overcast and a heavy thunderstorm broke which ended our day’s collecting. However, we once more set out early on the 30th in two cars up the previous ascent to the same spot. I went on to make the summit of the pass at the Col de la Bonette which claims to be the highest road in Europe at 9300ft. A magnificent pano- rama was awaiting me of almost the whole of the Alpes Maritimes, but it was too high for any insects. So I descended a little way to a small scree where a number of Erebias were flying in the hot morning sun. These proved to be mainly E. pluto de Prun. with a few E. gorge Hiibn. and E. pandrose Bkh. (lappona Esp.). On descending a little further I came across a scree facing east which was alive with E. pluto in both sexes with a sprinkling of E. gorge. Both were much easier to catch and select in this setting. But once more a drenching thunderstorm broke about lunchtime which prevented further collecting On July 31st we left St Etienne early, motoring down the valley to Nice Airport where I returned my small car and continued as a passen- ger in Sir George’s car westwards along the Autoroute which skirts Cannes. We ran into another big storm at Aix-en-Provence and eventually drove into Arles on the Rhone where we spent the night at the Hotel Jules César. August broke very fine and warm when we set out again west- wards skirting the northern end of the Camargue to Montpellier. But soon afterwards we ran into a big traffic hold-up of hundreds of holidaymakers going seawards, known in France as the Aottiers. However, we were FROM THE ALPES MARITIMES TO ALBARRACIN 3] fortunately able to leave the unending stream of cars and strike inland via Béziers and eventually turned southwards through the most picturesque Route des Corbiéres, a small range of limestone mountains. This was virtually a deserted winding road which bypassed Narbonne, so that we finished by joining the trunk road which goes inland westwards from Pergignan, through country which I had previously sampled for collecting in 1965. After passing Prades we made the big ascent which I had covered so often five years earlier, eventually putting up at the large and sumptious Grand Hotel on the edge of the Forét at Font-Romeu which had been a happy hunting ground in 1965, but when I ventured into the pine-clad area near the hotel on the afternoon of August 2nd I was most disappointed in the number of butterflies on the wing. There was no sign of Erebia euryale Esp. which was swarming on my earlier visit. Coenonympha iphis Schiff. was the commonest species on grass stems with an occasional Erebia oeme Hiibn., the females being still quite fresh. However, we had a better harvest that morning when we descended to a spot quite close to Villefranche-de-Confient, just north of Vernet, which had proved very prolific in 1965. As we arrived quite a cloud of Hipparchia fidia L. rose from the rocks, but all proved to be males mostly just out. Both Pyronia cecilia Vall. (ida Esp.) and P. bathseba Fab. (pasiphaé Esp.) were about, but worn with a host of the only Hairstreak present which turned out to be Strymon esculi Hiibn. also mostly past their best. Other species in fair numbers were Coenonympha dorus Esp. with the Blues Lysandra hylas Esp. (argester Bgstr.). Everes alcetas Hffmgg. and Polyommatus icarus Rott. Other less frequent species included Iphiclides feisthameli Dup., Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Limenitis rivularis Scop., Brenthis ino Rott. and Mellicta dejone Gr. We made an early start in heavy rain on August 3rd crossing into Spain with ease at Bourgmadame whence we followed a tortuous road through the foothills of the Pyrenees to Lerida and then on to Saragossa for another night. En route the only entomological incident was when held up at a level crossing a Papilio machaon L. alighted on some fennel and laid an egg in full view. From Saragossa on the 4th we followed the route I had taken in 1966 reaching the neighbourhood of Albarracin by mid-day in very warm conditions. We halted in a dry valley just east of that famous resort which had proved so fruitful four years earlier, but that was in the first half of July. By early August most of the butterflies had vanished and all that was flying were a few H. fidia and Chazara briseis L. as well as Pontia daplidice L., G. cleopatra, Lysandra albicans H. & S. and Sloperia proto Ochs. Later that day we motored back the 25 miles to Teruel where we put up at the excellent Parador where a small suite only came to about 25/- a day. August 5th dawned well with exceptional heat in the offing so that we set out soon after 8 am. for Albarracin and thence to the high ground at near 5000 ft. in the Bronchales region. En route we halted at the edge of the fir forest by a small bridge where I had had a harvest in 1966, but little of interest was on the wing in this attractive spot except for a few Argynnis paphia L., A. adippe Rott. in its form with its greenish underside together with worn Heodes alciphron Rott. In the thicker fir forest further along the road to Orihuela we searched in vain for Lysandra nivescens Kef. which had occurred in this terrain in 1966. Nor was there any sign of our main quarry Erebia zapateri Oberthiir peculiar to this region, which 32 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/7T1 we had been led to believe was widespread in this forest. However, Col. Manley advised us to survey the road to Griegos. Where it left the one to Orihuela, we found Mellicta pathenoides Kef. in plenty on thistles, but on emerging from the main forest we came across some open flat clearing alive with butterflies, mainly Lysandra caelestissima Verity and Agrodiaetus damon Schiff. in a small and pale form. It was not long before a dark insect flitted past me and I had no difficulty in identifying it as E. zapateri of which we took only an occasional example in this spot. Other butterflies in this most prolific locality included many Satyrus semele L., Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. in a small form, Hyponephele lycaon Kuhns, Chazara briseis L. with some Agapetes russiae Esp. (iapygia Cyr.), already past their best as also was Sloperia proto Ochs. About mid-day we proceeded along the road to Griegos when Sir George drew up suddenly. To our amazement there were some thistle heads smothered with E. zapateri, nearly all males, though some were already damaged. Several outsize Parnassius apollo L. were also sailing along this shaded part of the road through the forest. After light refreshment in the village of Griegos we returned to the Parador and revisited to this high level area early on the morning of August 6th when the chief additions to the big population of butterflies were Issoria lathonia L., Pyronia tithonus L. and Hesperia comma L. For our final day, the 7th, in this celebrated region we made Muscardon our venue. As we arrived on the ground we came across a number of Satyrus actaea Esp. in a large form on scabious. When we reached the main collecting area, so rich in 1966, we found the flat ground with short grass flitting with L. caelestissima in great plenty and much fresher than in the higher locality, while along a damp stretch the tall thistles were smothered with a galaxy of species, mainly the three larger Fritillaries, mostly A. adippe and A. paphia with a few A. aglaia L. and lots of Arethusana arethusa D. & S. just out. There were still a few worn Brenthis hecate Schiff. and we were delighted to find many more E. zapateri fluttering among the firs. The chief member of the Hesperids was Pyrgus cirsit Rambur (fritillum Schiff.). On the way back to Teruel we stopped in a dried-up river bed just south of Albarracin where many large Satyrids were flying, but most of them turned out to be Chazara briseis L. However, one capture proved to be C. prieuri Pierret, still in good order. In the vicinity of the Parador late that afternoon on some bare ground I found many Lysandra albicans and Pyronia tithonus, also a few fresh Hipparchia statilinus Hufn. We set out on the homeward journey early in August, again in great heat and retraced our route to Saragossa, thence on to Huesca where we stayed at the very well appointed Hotel Pedro, which I had patronised in 1966. After lunch I did some collecting on the outskirts of the town where in rough field I again saw L. albicans, P. tithonus, H. statilinus and Melitaea phoebe Schiff. The next morning we penetrated the Pyrenees at Jaca crossing them by the Samport Pass, then descending to Urdos, but it was dull nothing of interest was flying. We put up that night in Salie de Béarn and searched some woods near Dax on the morning of the 10th. Many Pararge aegeria L. were on the wing with a few Colias croceus Foure. That night we entrained at Biarritz with the car on board, reaching Boulogne early on August 11th. We made for the airport at Le Touquet at an early hour. While waiting to fly over to Lydd I surveyed the airfield FROM THE ALPES MARITIMES TO ALBARRACIN 30 perimeter where I was surprised to see Everes argiades Pall. with Celas- trina argiolus L. and Satyrus semele L. We were soon back in Kent _ Whence we motored direct to Surrey, thus ending a most enjoyable and productive fortnight which took us by road 1600 miles through the south of France to central Spain and back to Biarritz. I have thought it of interest to enumerate the species of butterflies we noted on the whole of our journey which comprised 104 species in all. PAPILIONIDAE Papilio machaon L. Flying on Col. de la Bonette (A.M.) and, near Heusca. Tphiclides podalirius L. Numerous in valleys near St Martin Vésubie (A.M.). Iphiclides feisthameli Dup. Few at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.). Parnassius apollo L. A few near la Madone de Fenestre (A.M.) and in a larger form near Bronchales (Teruel). PIERIDAE Pieris brassicae L. Seen in several localities near St Martin Vésubie. Pieris rapae L. A few at Coussols (A.M.). Pieris napi L. Seen in the vicinity of St Martin Vésubie (A.M.). Aporia crataegi L. Flying at Coussols (A.M.). Pontia daplidice L. Only observed near Albarracin and Huesca, Spain. Leptidea sinapis L. Numerous near St Martin Vésubie. Gonepteryx rhamni L. A few near Bronchales (Teruel). Gonepteryx cleopatra L. Noted at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.) and at Albarracin. Colias phicomone Esp. A few at La Madone de Fenestre (A.M.). Colias australis Verity. Flying at Coussols (A.M.) and near Bronchales, Spain. Colias croceus Foure. A number near St Martin Vésubie. NYMPHALIDAE Limenitis rivularis Scop. A few at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.). Vanessa atalanta L. Only seen in the vicinity of Albarracin. Vanessa cardui L. A few at Coussols (A.M.) and at Albarrcin. Aglais urticae L. Observed near St Martin Vésubie. Inachis io L. A few in valleys near St Martin Vésubie. Polygonia c-album L. Also seen near St Martin Vésubie. Mellicta deione Rott. A few at Villefranche-de-Confient. Mellicta parthenoides Kef. Only noted near Bronchales, Teruel. Melitaea phoebe Schiff. A few at Coussols and Colmiane (A.M.), also at Villefranche-de-Conflent and Hucsca. Melitaea didyma Esp. Still flying at Col de la Comiane near St Martin Vésubie. Argynnis aglaia L. Seen at Coussols, also near St Martin Vésubie and near Bronchales. Argynnis niobe L. Only noted at Auron (A.M.). Argynnis adippe Rott. Many at Coussols, near St Martin Vésubie and with green undersides in the Albarracin and Bronchales region. Argynnis pandora D. & S. A few still on the wing near Albarracin. Argynnis paphia L. Numerous at Coussols and round St Martin Vésubie, also in the Bronchales area, Spain. 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 Brenthis hecate Schiff. A few worn specimens at Coussols (A.M.) and at Albarracin. Brenthis ino Rott. Only seen in the Forét de Font-Romeu (Pye. Or.). Clossiana selene Schiff. Noted at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.). Clossiana ala L. A few flying at Coussols. Clossiana ewphrosyne L. Observed at Auron (A.M.). Boloria pales Schiff. Only noted at La Madone de Fenestre (A.M.). Issoria lathonia L. Only seen near Bronchales. SATYRIDAE Erebia epiphron Knoch Only observed on the Col de Restefond (A.M.). Erebia alberganus de Prun. (ceto Hubn.) numerous at Madone de Fenestre. Erebia pluto de Prun. In numbers near Col de la Bonette (A.M.). Erebia pluto de Prun. In numbers near Col de la Bonette. Erebia cassioides R. & H. A few at La Madone de Fenestre. Erebia montanus de Prun. (goante Esp.). A few at La Madone de Fenestre. Erebia oeme Hiibn. A few in the Forét de Font Romeu (Pyr. Or.). Erebia meolans de Prun. (stygne Ochs.) A small form on the Col de Restefond. Erebia pandrose Borkh. (lappona Esp.). Seen on the Col de la Bonette (A.M.). Erebia zapateri Oberthtir Numerous locally near Bronchales and Albar- racin. Agapetes galathea L. A dark form at Coussols (A.M.). Agapetes lachesis Hiibn. A few near Albarracin. Agapetes russiae Esp. (iapygia Cyr.) A few worn at Albarracin. Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. Plentiful in all localities in the Alpes Mari- times and in a smaller form in the vicinity of Albarracin. Hipparchia semele L. Numerous at Coussols (A.M.) and near Brochales, Teruel. Hipparchia statilinus Hufn. A few at Teruel and Huesca, Spain. Hipparchia fidia L. Common at Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyr. Or.) and scarce near Albarracin. Arethusana arethusa D. & S. Just appearing at Coussols and again in the Albarracin region. Brintesia circe Fab. Fairly common round St Martin Vésubie and in a smaller form near Bronchales and Albarracin. Chazara briseis L. Numerous round Bronchales and Albarracin. Chazara prieuri Pierret. A few near Albarracin. Satyrus cordula Fab. Numerous in the Alpes Maritimes and Pyrénées Orientales. Satyrus actaea Esp. A few near St Etienne-de-Tinée and in a larger form at Muscardon near Albarracin. Pararge aegeria L. Only seen near Dax and Le Touquet. Pararge megera L. Observed only at Le Touquet. Pararge maera L. A few at Coussols (A.M.). Maniola jurtina L. Scarce at Coussols. Hyponephele lycaon Kuhns. Plentiful in the Albarracin region. Pyronia tithonus L. Numerous near Albarracin and Teruel. Pyronia cecilia Vall. (ida Esp.) A few worn at Villefranche-de-Conflent. FROM THE ALPES MARITIMES TO ALBARRACIN 30 Pyronia bathseba Fab. (pasiphaé Esp.) Similar to the previous species. Coenonympha iphis Schiff. Noted at Auron (A.M.) and in the Forét de Font-Romeu. Coenonympha arcania L. Only seen at Coussols (A.M.). Coenonympha dorus Esp. Numerous at Coussols and at Villefrance-de- Conflent. Coenonympha pamphilus L. Sporadic near St Martin Vésubie and Auron (A.M.). LYCAENIDAE Strymon esculi Hiibn. Plentiful but worn at Villefranche-de-Conflent. Strymon spini Schiff. Abundant at Coussols. Strymon ilicis Esp. Seen near St Martin Vésubie. Heodes alciphron Rott. Only seen near Bronchales. Lycaena phlaeas L. A few near Bronchales. Everes argiades Pall. One observed at Le Touquet. Everes alcetas Hffsgg A few at Villefranche-de-Conflent. Philotes baton Bergstr. A few worn at Coussols (A.M.). Maculinea arion L. Only seen at the Col de la Colmiane (A.M.). Lycaeides idas L. A few in f. calliopis Bdv. near St Etienne-de-Tinée (A.M.). Plebeius argus L. Seen at Auron (A.M.). Aricia agestis Schiff. A few noted at Coussols. Cyaniris semiargus Rott. Only seen in the Forét de Font-Romeu (Pyr. Or). Polyommatus icarus Rott. Numerous in the Alpes Maritimes and at Villefranche-de-Conflent. Lysandra dorylas Schiff. Only at Villefranche-de-Conflent. Lysandra bellargus Rott. A few at Coussols (A.M.). Lysandra coridon Poda Numerous at Coussols. Lysandra coelestissima Verity Plentiful near Bronchales and at Muscar- don near Albarracin. Lysandra albicans H.-S. A few near Albarracin and Huesca. Agrodiaetus damon Schiff. Numerous at Coussols and in a smaller form in the region of Bronchales Teruel. HESPERIDAE Carcharodus alceae Esp. Only noted near Huesca. Pyrgus carthami Hiibn. Many worn at Coussols. Pyrgus cirsii Rambur (fritillum Schiff.) Plentiful near Albarracin. Pyrgus bellieri Oberthiir (foulquieri Oberthtir) Plentiful at Coussols. Sloperia proto Ochs. A few near Albarracin. Spialia sertorius Hffsgg. Noted at Coussols. Adopea lineola Ochs. Also seen at Coussols. Adopaea sylvestris Poda Observed at Auron (A.M.). Thymelicus acteon Rott. Fairly common at Coussols. Ochlodes venata Brem & Grey A few at Coussols. Hesperia comma L. Numerous at Bronchales. Very few moths were observed throughout the trip, mainly Burnets including a small form of Zygaena fausta L. near Griegos, Teruel, and Procus geryon Hubn. at Coussols (A.M.). Three Oaks, Woking. 19.xi.70. 36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD W5/2/71-15/3/T1 Laspeyresia saltitans Westw. (Olethreutinae) the Mexican Jumping Bean Moth By Joun L. GREGORY On 13th September 1969, I arrived home at mid-day to find that a parcel had been left for me by the postman, and it had been placed on a small table to await my return. On approaching the parcel I soon realised that it was making quite a loud noise, like the ticking of a a few hundred minia- ture time bombs, or like heavy rain falling on a tin roof. Now I have many times received from entomologists parcels which rattle when moved or tilted, particularly when several items have been packed, not too securely, in the same parcel, But this was the first time I had received a parcel which was such a rattling good one that it rattled on its own. I bet the G.P.O. were glad to get if off their hands. The noise ceased abruptly the moment I picked up the parcel prepara- tory to opening it. Inside was a batch of jumping beans which had been sent to me by Mr William Wilson of Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire. During the following weeks I distributed many of the “beans” to other entomologists, and retained some for my own observations. The details of the life history of the jumping bean are quite widely known. Laspeyresia saltitans Westwood occurs in Mexico on Sebastiana pavonia (Euphor- biaceae), the ova being laid in June on the flowers, and the subsequent larvae feeding up fast in the seeds, only one larva to a seed. In July when the seeds are ripe, they fall, and those which contain a larva are completely hollowed out so that only the outer shell remains. The dry heat of semi- desert conditions causes the larva to jump, and to keep on jumping inside its prison, presumably in an attempt to find shade and to find a hiding place safe from predators. Each larval jump moves the “bean” anything up to about one quarter of an inch in a horizontal direction, and at maximum activity the jumps may exceed one hundred per minute. As the species is univoltine in nature, and pupation takes place shortly before emergence, the larva would be capable of causing its “bean” to jump continuously for about nine months! And in fact, some of my own beans were still able to jump at well over twelve months old. Gentle warmth (not excessive heat so as to roast them alive) keeps the larvae in healthy jumping condition. I cut open a few of the “beans” in order to study the larvae, and one of the obvious things which immediately struck me was the virtually complete absence of frass inside the “bean” and there appeared to be no exit-hole to the outside world through which frass could have been ejected. I am forced to the conclusion that the larva must absorb in its body practically the whole of what it eats. The kernel of the “bean” is devoured entirely, and the inside of the shell is lined with a thin layer of silk. So that I could watch the behaviour of the incarcerated larvae, I cut a small hole in each of several “beans”, and then covered the hole with cellophane. I soon found that the cellophane windows were really un- necessary as the larvae were unwilling to abandon “beans” with even quite large holes cut in them. Some of them eventually repaired the damage as well as they could with fresh silk, but others did not. The larvae in the opened “beans” were as willing to demonstrate their powers in jumping as were those which I had left intact. HYDRAECIAS IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF WESTERN IRELAND 37 The jumping is produced by the larva gripping the silk-lined shell with the anal claspers and hind pair of prolegs, bending the rest of the body upwards and backwards with a slight stretching movement, almost to a semi-circle, then rapidly straightening, or almost straightening the body, thus bringing the underside of the thorax into hard contact with the inside of the “bean”. The larva makes several jumps without changing the position of its rear end, then walks forward a few paces in loop-the- loop fashion, causing the bean to roll over, before it reattaches its hind end in preparation for the next series of jumps. The larva is pale yellowish or creamy white, with a darker dorsal line, and rather small reddish brown head. Its body tapers fore and aft and is rather flattened as seen from above. It becomes distinctly more yellow before pupation. The prolegs appear small and widely spaced laterally. When preparing to pupate, a small circular hole is bitten either com- pletely through the shell of the “bean”, or almost through it, and then a flimsy cocoon is constructed with its exit adjoining the hole in the “bean” shell. The pupa is yellowish brown at first, darker between segments, but the wing-cases and eyes soon become dark brown. The moth has a wing span of approximately seven eighths of an inch, the forewings being a light smoky grey colour marked with many fine black streaks running generally from costa to dorsum, a large blackish cloud in the terminal area, and a black, narrow wedgeshaped mark on the dorsum. The hind wings are dark grey to sooty black. My first moth emerged towards the end of May, and they have been emerging in odd ones and twos until the time of writing this article. Two females have just emerged today, the 17th November 1970 17 Grove Road, St Austell, Cornwall. Hydraecias in the Coastal Areas of Western Ireland By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S. The Hydraecias to which these notes refer are those which in the days of my youth were comprised in the all-embracing name “nictitans’’. This included oculea L.=nictitans Bork., crinanensis Burrows, lucens Frey and paludis Tutt. For thirty years now, the distribution of these species on the coast of the West of Ireland has puzzled me. Paludis, of course, is quite simple, there is no authentic Irish record, the only one of any importance being that of Kane’s insects identi- fied by Tutt, which Cockayne later showed were a mixture of lucens and crinanensis. Occasionally an insect turns up a greyish-green colour which, if taken on our Thames estuary marshes would be passed at once as paludis. This form occurs 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/27 715/377 rarely both in the Burren and Kerry, but all I have seen on genitalia examination have proved to be lucens (3) (2 from Ballynalacken and 1 from Dingle) and crinanensis (2) (both Dingle). Oculea is a complete enigma to me; Donovan calls it com- mon, though he considered it more of an inland insect than the others. From 1949 until 1970 I have visited some part of Western Ireland at the right time of the year for the moth and until 1970 never saw a specimen. However, on 14th August 1970, I spotted a very small Hydraecia in the bottom of the trap at Dingle; I had little doubt of its identity and Mr D. S. Fletcher at the B.M. confirmed that it is oculea. It is exactly the same as the ones I have taken on the Kentish Downs or in the garden here, and looks a bit scruffy compared with crinanensis and particularly lucens. I suppose oculea is a bit of a wanderer, like paludis, which is not only taken in my garden here, but which Robin Mere once caught at Chiddingfold. Lucens is rather a local insect, I never took it at Glengarrif in four visits at the right season, and have only taken six in all at Dingle in nine years. It is usually a bigger, brighter insect than crinanensis, which invariably accompanies it, but cannot be identified with certainty except by genitalia examination. It has, however, sometimes a look of its own; in 1970 these insects were very common at Dingle and I picked out six as candidates for the lucens stakes and am glad to say that Mr Fletcher con- firmed four of them. Lucens appears to be the commonest of the group in the Burren, where Robin Mere found it pre- dominating at Corofin, and I did at Ballynalackan. It is usually very big and bright with a tendency for the outer third of the forewings to be of a different colour from the rest, though my smallest specimen except the oculea is a Burren lucens. Crinanensis is the commonest of the three in Western Ireland; I have quite often seen seventy or eighty in a night (though of course I may have missed a lucens or two amongst them) I can well remember as a boy when my old mentor the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, first differentiated it, and the excitement that ensued. The late L. W. Newman arranged for a special collector to get some for him. It was a pity that Burrows was working on this material from the Crinan district when he spotted it, as it thus obtained a rather unsuitable name, but as it is the commonest in Ireland it is as well he was not working on some of these, as we have quite enough “hibernicas” already. (I have added one or two!). I wish to express my indebtedness to the late Dr Cockayne, Mr W. H. T. Tams and above all Mr D. S. Fletcher, for their patient examination of genitalia for me, without which I should still be at sea. 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. TWO ‘REDISCOVERIES’ MADE IN 1970 39 Two ‘rediscoveries ’ made in 1970 By Davin AGASSIz Parocystola acroxantha Meyr. In late August I had been enjoying a few days of successful collecting in Cornwall with Barry Goater. On the way back we decided to spend one night in Torquay—the main quarry being Eupithecia phoeniciata. The previous year a kind resident had allowed me a plug in for an M.V. trap in his garden and when approached he again agreed to extend his hospitality. The traps yielded several Euplagia quadripunctaria (one of six suspected 22s actually was 9! and laid a supply of fertile eggs), and also a few micros which looked interesting. These included one distinctive looking Oecophorid unknown to me. Some time after returning home I looked up Jacobs’ article in the S. London proceedings for 1949-50 and the moth was readily identified as Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick. Its status is described by Jacobs (loc. cit.) as ‘locally estab- lished on South Devon coast’ so I was pleased to have hit upon an unexpected local speciality. Further investigation revealed only 3!. previous British examples! It was first taken in September 1908 (by Rev. J. W. Metcalfe) who found a specimen near Ottery St. Mary (Clutterbuck: Ent. XLIII (1910) 96-97), though he later seems to have had some doubt about the exact locality. Metcalfe found another specimen near Exmouth in 1917 (Ent. L: 267) and E. G. R. Waters took one specimen on 22nd August 1925 at Dawlish and also found a single forewing in a nearby flourmill. Apart from these records from Devon the species is known only in Australia, and New Zealand where it has been imported. The life history seems to be unknown, though it is suggested that the larva feeds between spun leaves of Eucalyptus. The species must still be resident here at low density and some time spent searching for the larva might well repay anyone within reach of South Devon. Hylaea fasciaria (Linn.) ab prasinaria (Schiff. ) In early July I was staying in Suffolk and on the 6th I decided to go to a nearby Broad as the weather was ideal for night work. After obtaining permission from the owner, I battled my way through thick herbage to the mouth of the broad, almost on the sea front. There I set up my lights—two M.V. lamps and one actinic tube. The night turned out to be rather disappointing, it was evidently too early for Photedes brevilinea and there was not the quantity of moths I was ex- pecting—the total was 70 species. Numbers of Brachmia inornatella and a few Spilosoma urticae were to me the most interesting species. After some time I decided to remove the sheet and leave the traps going while I had some sleep in the car! I awoke at dawn and not much seemed to have arrived, so I quickly bundled everything into the car and left. It was only after further sleep and breakfast that I looked again at 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/72 the traps to see nothing was left. In the last one, an actinic tube trap which had been right on the shore line there was a beautiful olive-green form prasinaria of Hylaea fasciaria. It was a fresh female in perfect condition which presented me with a dilemma. Having little confidence in my capacity for breeding, the temptation to make sure of this one was too great and I succumbed. So did the moth. I saw no other specimens of this species, not one of the typical red form. South says this form is well known on the continent, but is very rare in this country and has been taken in Kent and Suffolk. Barrett gives more details: The first was taken by A. H. Jones, at Eltham in June 1861, another (no data) by F. Bond; then Rev. G. H. Rayner bred some from Brandon which were ‘soft olive-green with pink lines’ and Rev. C. Cruttwell took one at Aldeburgh in July 1892 described as a soft, pea-green with similar lines. In all the cilia remain red. There is one specimen in the National collection taken in the 1890s and Tutt’s name is on the label. According to these descriptions mine is most like those from Brandon. There may be further records which I have overlooked, but if not this is the first record in this century. E. B. Ford says that genetically, this form is a simple recessive. Collecting Notes, 1970 By R. G. CHATELAIN and D. O’KEEFFE The following account of collecting undertaken during 1970 is by no means complete but attempts to cover the less mundane entomological events of the year. Spring was again cold and late and although a few visits were paid to local woods for wingless females, it was not until late March that longer trips were made. One of our first objectives was Orthosia populeti Fab. but the insect must have had a bad year in Ham Street, as visits intended to straddle its time of emergence drew a blank and it was not until 27th May that a worn male was seen. On Sth April, we departed for Aviemore, where the season was late and the weather dismal. It snowed daily; the only foul meteorological condition not encountered was fog, which delayed its appearance until the return journey on the M.1. One male Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. was taken at m.v. with a few Achlya flavicornis L., whilst the posts at Struan pro- duced only ten male and one female Poecilopsis lapponaria Boisd., one or two flavicornis and females of Erannis mar- ginaria Fab. MHibernating larvae of Polia hepatica Clerck (tincta Hiibn.) were found under bark on the posts and in due course gave rise to the handsome Scottish form of this insect. After two days, discretion was deemed the better part of valour and the homeward journey undertaken. COLLECTING NOTES, 1970 41 Weather conditions and early darkness restricted collect- ing to week-ends and hampered our plans to take females of Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. and Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. Three males of the former, past their prime, were seen at m.v. at Alice Holt on 24th April together with plenty of the common Orthosias, including a good sprinkling on the sallows, and one early male Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. It was not until Ist May that we were able to try for rubiginea and, although we took a female, she was laid out and only deposited seven eggs, from which six moths were bred. An- other scarce species this season was O. miniosa Schiff. which we only saw once—at Abinger on 8th April. However, we had each bred a series from a female taken the previous year, in the New Forest. Results in the spring would have been more disheartening had we not succeeded in taking a fresh series of Bapta distinctata H.-S. in the New Forest on 17th April, when they were sitting low down on the blackthorn in pouring rain. We also had emerging fine series of Tricopteryx polycommata Schiff. and Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Clerk. at this time from females taken at Winchester and Stonor respectively during the previous year. On 4th May O’K. was joined by Bernard Skinner for a trip to the New Forest. En route, seven larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. still in the hibernating skin were found under a log near Esher, whilst on the Test larvae of Panaxia dominula L. were still only half grown on the comfrey. In the Forest, larvae of Thera variata Schiff. were fairly common on spruce and a few larvae of Ellopia fasciaria L. were disloged from pine. Cleora cinctaria Schiff. was well out with about three dozen collected from pine trunks. That night in Denny Lodge enclosure, the usual spring species turned up in fair numbers at m.v. including six Odontosia carmelita Esp. and three Eupithecia irriguata Hiibn. Visits to Ham Street and Abinger the following weeks con- firmed that the usual species were about, including Notodonta trepida Esp., a few O. carmelita, while L. suffumata, Anticlea derivata Schiff. and Ligdia adustata Schiff. were common at dusk at Ranmore on the 8th. On llth May, we found egg batches of Orthosia advena Schiff. after dark on stems but for the second time failed to rear the bug, our disappointment being heightened by the success other collectors have had with this species from the same locality. Later that night at Ockham, we found we were too late for larvae of Amathes ditrapezium Schiff. Larvae of Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. were again plentiful on heather locally later in the month but this is also not an easy species to breed. The larvae take readily to birch but have difficulty in pupating. On 15th May, Bernard Skinner, his wife and C. drove to Ledbury to renew acquaintance with Dr Michael Harper and his family and to try for Xylomyges conspicillaris L. A detour 42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/27 7A-157 5/4 was made via Andover for fully fed larvae of P. dominula. On arrival at Ledbury and after enjoying Mrs Harper’s usual hospitality, the afternoon was spent searching miles of posts. Only one conspicillaris was found but as this was a heavily pregnant female, plenty of pupae have been obtained. Light that night was disappointing, due to the cold, clear weather and the only noteworthy capture was Eupithecia dodoneata Guen. of which a few were seen. Larvae of all sizes of Philereme transversata Hufn. and P. vetulata Schiff. were fairly common on buckthorn when we stopped near Eynsford on 22nd May en route for Faversham to look for larvae of Leuwcania favicolor Barrett. Here larvae were abundant but only one produced favicolor, the remainder being L. impura. Again, we were possibly too late. Larvae of Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. were common on wych elm on the banks of the Royal Military Canal, on 27th May, with a sprinkling of B. sphinx Hufn. Light at Ham Street that night produced nothing unusual, except for the late O. populeti already referred to. Larvae of Lithosia deplana Esp. on yew at Box Hill were still only half-grown on 28th May and slightly under-sized moths were bred but Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. was flying abundantly the same day at Abinger in fresh con- dition with a few newly-emerged Scopula lactata Haw. A longer trip was made on 29th May, the first stage being to Esher where five large larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. were found to supplement those taken earlier from the same log. Near Andover, larvae of Plusia chryson Esp. were in the second half of their growth on hemp agrimony but very few P. dominula were still feeding. That night in the New Forest, 48 L. sororcula Hufn. were counted. It was interesting that the great majority were in the same trap, illustrating once again the importance of siting the lamps correctly. L. otregiata Metcalfe was beginning to emerge but visitors to the light were routine, including a few Hyloicus pinastri L., Cosymbia porata L., C. linearia Hiibn., C. albipunctata Hufn. and ten quite fresh N. anceps. It is in June that things really begin to heat up and the first trip of the month was to the chalk downs near Wrotham where m.v. attracted a large concourse of species, including Hadena contigua Schiff., Agrotis denticulata Haw., many Horisme vitalbata Schiff., B. bimaculata Fab. and B. temerata Schiff. Surprisingly no X. montanata Schiff. were seen and we found the moth generally scarce this year. The 5th June saw us in mixed woodland in the Chilterns, well known for its supply of Trisateles emortualis Schiff. These woods harbour many desirable species and on this occasion we were pleased to note the dark local form of Stauropus fagi L., two Apatele alni L., two examples of the melanotica form of Colocasia coryli L., Discoloxia blomeri Curt, Abraxas sylvata Scop., C. annulata Schulze, C. linearia, Ectropis consonaria Hiibn., and, as we were packing up, thirteen Selenia lunaria Schiff. On 6th June, Bernard Skinner accompanied C. to Tilgate COLLECTING NOTES, 1970 43 where moths were flying in numbers, including a couple of Harpyia bicuspis Bork., eight A. alni, five H. pinastri, one Euphyia luctuata Schiff., and a late O. gothica L. Three days later in Ham Street, we were surprised to be still taking quite fresh examples of Panolis flammea Schiff. which had been going over in Berkshire five weeks previously. The most welcome visitors were a male Colobochyla salicalis Schiff., a dozen E . luctuata and five Moma alpium Osb. Having worked Sandwich for the first time in 1969, we decided to spend more time there this year. The first visit was on 10th June when Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. was common at light and sugar and A. ripae Hiibn., Spilosoma urticae Esp. and Cucullia umbratica L. were seen at light. A more ambitious day was planned for 12th June when Skinner and C. headed for Dorset after Eriogaster lanestris L. S. soon found a large nest and the larvae were successfully sleeved on bullace. Then on to Hod Hill where Perizoma albulata Schiff. was common but worn and two Parasemia planataginis L., a few Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Lysandra bellargus Rott. were seen. The sandhills at Studland were the next stop when thirteen larvae of Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff. were found on the marram. That night light in the New Forest attracted many species. H. contigua was common on the heather with many pairs in cop. Three each of Eustrotia uncula Clerck. and C. viridata Clerck. were taken, together with a few Dyscia fagaria Thunb., H. pinastri, C. umbratica, Mysticoptera sexalata Retz., and Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibn. In all, quite a good day. The whole of June was notable for the very fine weather but it turned cool after dark on 16th when we visited Horsell Common. Only one D. fagaria was found on the heather but Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. was very common. Although a diverse range of species was attracted to the lights, the quantity was low and we were not kept very busy. The best insects noted were H. contigua, several Boarmia roboraria Schiff. and Diacrisia sannio L., with a brace of Sterrha sylvestraria Hiibn. One or two larvae of A. lutulenta were still feeding. The next outing, on 19th June, was to the Fens where we were joined by the Skinners. Moths were plentiful, one of the first species on the wing being Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn. which was common and in fresh condition. Meliana flammea Curt., Chilodes maritima Tausch., Leucania pudorina Schiff. and L. straminea Treits were going over, but a few fresh E. bankiana Fab., S. lunaria and Apeira syringaria L. were taken and one worn X. biriviata Bork. was seen. A second visit to Sandwich, on 24th, was not very reward- ing. A. clavis Hufn. and Apamea sublustris Esp. were the commonest moths at sugar with one L. obsoleta. H. albicolon and A. ripae came to light whilst C. umbratica were sitting low down on the posts but were worn. On 28th June, S. ochrata Scop. and Aplasta ononaria Fues. were flying in fair 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/27 71-157 3/7 Tl numbers by day although past their prime. Larvae of O. gracilis Schiff. were spun up in the tips of bog myrtle in the Forest on 26th June and three S. muricata Hufn. and several worn D. sannio were seen. That night dusking at Portland yielded 19 S. degeneraria Hiibn. the majority of which were females. Some moths were bred out in September and the remaining larvae are now in hibernation. M.v. was practically useless, the best visitors being L. l-album L., A. trux Hiibn., S. conjugata Bork. and one Procus versicolor Bork. At the end of the month, larvae of Malacosoma castrensis L. were common at Faversham whilst larvae of Cucullia chamomilae Schiff. were abundant in all sizes on chamomile. July was far less active, the first trip being to the Chilterns on 4th when nine T. emortualis, mostly females, were seen. Although eggs were obtained and the larvae started to feed, they quickly died off in spite of efforts to supply oak leaves of the right age and texture. A. ditrapezium, A. sylvata, D. blomeri and C. linearia were present in numbers but a welcome species was P. versicolor which was just emerging and clearly distinguishable from its co-geners by its purple flush and reddish thoracic tuft. Good nights were the feature of this period and moths were again plentiful at Ham Street on 6th July, when O’K. had over 100 species to light, including many Paracolax derivalis, Apoda avellana, Angerona prunaria, Tethea fluctuosa with a few M. alpium, Atolmis rubricollis, Rheum- aptera undulata, Epione repandaria and five Heterogenea asella. At Dungeness on 10th, Lithosia pygmeola was already worn and the few Thalera fimbrialis seen were in tatters at this early date. The night of 17th July was cool, clear and moonlit, in the New Forest. Half a dozen L. quadra L. were a pleasant sight, together with some females of S. straminata Bork., many male Lymantria monacha L. and two Mormo maura at sugar. At the same spot on 24th, sugar attracted Amyhipyra berbera Rungs, two more M. maura and one C. promissa. Deplana was fairly common, at light, accompanied by three male quadra, two female monacha and a female Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. On the last day of the month, O’K. made the journey to Walberswick where he met Dr Michael Harper who was stay- ing in the district with his family. Together with Mr Chipper- field, they dusked along the shore where Euxoa cursoria Hufn. was common and in lovely condition. Scopula emutaria, Celaena leucostigma Esp., and Apamea oblonga Haw. were also seen. At light in the marsh, Nonagria neurica Hiibn. put in its usual appearance, fifteen being noted but Arenostola brevilinea Fenn. was only just coming out whilst the few Simyra venosa Borkh. that turned up were badly worn. By August, moths and enthusiasm were waning but on 5th Skinner and C. found pupae of Nonagria algea Esp. in the reed mace near Cuckfield where C. rufa Haw. was flying in COLLECTING NOTES, 1970 45 hundreds at dusk. Walls near Brighton were searched for ten Cryphia muralis Forst. The first night trip was on 8th, when, accompanied again by Skinner, we visited the Broads. Areno- stola brevilinea Fenn, Calaena haworthii Haw., C. leucostigma Hiibn. were common, but only a few N. dissoluta Treit., Simyra venosa Bork. and Orthonama lignata Hiibn. were taken. A few swallowtail larvae were still about. Other trips during the month to Ranmore and Dungeness produced nothing of note. Early September saw the emergence of a short series of C. ocellaris Borkh. from Black Poplar catkins collected near Bexley in April. This species would appear to be more wide- spread than is generally supposed and is very easy to breed. A second visit to Scotland was made on 13th September, the quarry being Coenocalpa lapidata Hiibn. Once again, we were unlucky with the Scottish weather; two of our four nights were cold and very wet and the other two were very cold with sharp frost. Many hours were spent trying to put up lapidata but without success. The species is said to fly in the afternoon but although the mornings were sunny, cloud built up after lunch and the cold wind kept temperatures well below normal. Larvae were not over plentiful but by working high ground, we managed to beat Hydriomena ruberata Frey. in numbers, together with a few common prominents. Juniper near Aviemore Bridge held many larvae of Eupithecia helveticaria Bdv. and a few pupae of Thera juniperata L., whilst the pine yielded Bupalus piniaria L. in quantity, from which we are looking forward to the white male form. Our base was at Calvine where we ran two traps with two more in the village of Struan. The only noteworthy species was a worn male, C. lapidata at Struan and although singletons of such things as A. lunibergenis Fr., Antitype chi L., Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn., Xylena vetusa Hiibn., and Oporinia filigrammaria H.-S. were seen, they were of course past their best. Chloroclysta miata L., C. siterata Hufn. and O. autumnata Borkh. were uncom- mon but fresh, and Dysstroma citrata L. was worn but abundant; we have a goodly supply of eggs. On 25th September, O’K. visited Dungeness but although conditions appeared reasonable very little came to light or sugar. He then transferred to Ham Street where the bugs were different but still unexciting. Autumn is a most peculiar time of year for collecting and seemingly ideal conditions frequently prove disappointing. Such was the situation in the Forest on 4th October when the temperature was 59° F. but even the pine carpets were scarce. Of note was one each Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. and C. siterata with a few T. firmata Hufn. for good measure. October was a very mild month and the usual autumn species were quite plentiful at Ranmore on the 10th, with Agrocola macilenta Hiibn. in plenty. The mild weather con- tinued throughout November, and the nights of the 10th and 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71]1 23rd, when visits were made to Wye, were no exception. For some reason, however, conditions did not quite suit P. plumi- gera; only two being seen on the 10th and none on the 23rd, although there were plenty of P. populi, Oporinia fagata Scharf. and E. aurantiaria about. British Coleoptera: Corrections and Supplemen- tary Notes, including the addition of Axinotarsus marginalis Lap. (Melyridae) to our list By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. I take this opportunity to bring together a number of post- scripts to my papers published in the Record over the last few years, aimed at revising the list of our species in certain groups of beetles; and especially, to correct the chief misprints and any errors of fact therein which have since come to my notice. In referring to the individual papers I have thought it unneces- sary to give the full title, as the name of the genus or group will in each case suffice for identification. They will be taken in chronological order. I. AromARIA (1968, 80: 318-326) Page 319, line 6 up, for zetterstedti read zetterstedti. p. 320, 1. 8 up, for Sjoberg read Sjoberg. p. 321, footnote, 1. 3, for Hebst read Herbst. p. 322, 1. 4, for ‘infuscata’ read ‘infuscate’; 1. 9, for Horton read Horion. p. 323, 1. 3, for Schon. read Sch6n.; 1. 24, for ‘of the’ read ‘of in the’. p. 326, 1. 3, for zetterstedt read zetterstedti; |. 8 up, for ‘sud-’ read ‘siid-’; 1. 7 up, for Laubb- hume read Laubbdume; |. 5 up, for Sjobery read Sjoberg. A. rhenana Kr. (p. 230): at the time I wrote, the correctness of this name for the species there characterised had not been proved and was still open to question (cf. also p. 323 ad fin.). Since then, however, Mr Colin Johnson has found that our insect is without doubt Kraatz’s rhenana (thus vindicating Fowler’s usage); but that, on the other hand, Sjoberg’s attribu- tion of it to godarti Guil. is erroneous, the latter being a different species. |My statement, therefore, that godarti is definitely the present one turns out to have been premature, though everything pointed to its truth when written. A. gibbula Er. (p. 323): | mentioned, in my discussion of the species to which Sjoberg (not British authors) has applied this name, that its true identity was suspect and under investigation by Mr Johnson. He has lately discovered that our species is really A. viennensis Reitt., which name must therefore replace both gibbula sensu Sjoberg, Allen, and versicolor sensu Fowler, nec Er. BRITISH COLEOPTERA: CORRECTIONS AND NOTES 47 A. scutellaris Mots. (pp. 319-320) was British on one record only (Scillies, Blair) at the time of writing. Since then, Mr C. MacKechnie Jarvis has found that he had taken one example on Tresco, 29.v.65 (Ent. mon. Mag., 1969, 105: 69). A. divisa Rye (p. 324): the unique type has lately been examined by Mr Johnson, who is satisfied that it is identical with rubricollis Bris.—as suspected but not definitely known up to now. An Irish record can be added for this (with us) very rare Atomaria, a specimen from Killarney, Co. Kerry, having been found in the Power collection mixed with nigripennis Payk. 2. CERCYON (1969, 81: 211-216) Page 211], 1. 5 up, for ‘vary’ read ‘very’. p. 212, 1. 8-9, transpose comma after ‘1956’ and semicolon; |. 8 up, insert full stop at end of sentence. p. 213, 1.5 up, insert dash after ‘separ- ated’. p. 215, 1. 11, delete final ‘s’ in ‘characteristics’; 1. 16, insert full stop at end; 1. 28, for ‘punctuate’ read ‘punctate’; 1.5 up, for Joesph read Joseph. p. 216, 1. 7, delete (Sussex). C. laminatus Shp. (pp. 211-2): the entire upper surface may be more or less pitchy with only the side margins obscurely paler. I can add no further localities; but the species has con- tinued to occur here at m.v. light at the rate of one or two a year, and I now have virtually no doubt that pigeons’ nests are the breeding-source. C. bifenestratus Kiist. (p. 213) must, after all, remain on our list, as I have since taken a specimen at Rye, Sussex, 6.viii.69 (see Ent. mon. Mag., 1970, 106: 5). 3. SCYDMAENIDAE (1969, 81: 239-246) Page 239, 1. 26, for ‘Kies’ read ‘Kies.’ p. 240, 1. 26, for ‘chraracters’ read ‘characters’. p. 242, 1. 15, for Pararaphes read Pararaphes. p. 243, 1. 19 up, for ‘mistakes’ read ‘mistake’. p. 244, 1. 1, for exilus read exilis. p. 245, 1. 4 up, for Scydaenidae read Scydmaenidae. Neuraphes helvolus Schaum (p. 242): for a recent record from the London district (Blackheath) see Allen, 1969, Ent. mon. Mag., 105: 198. Stenichnus pusillus M. & K. (=stottz Donis.) (p. 243): my statement that ‘‘the pusillus of all our collections and literature is obviously scutellaris” is, | now think, too incautious and dogmatic; ‘all’ should be omitted and ‘in general’ substituted for ‘obviously’. The actual position appears to be less clear- cut. It should have been pointed out that Fowler’s description and key characters for pusillus are correct, though many of his records no doubt apply to scutellaris. I have a new Dorset record of the true S. pusillus (Ent. mon. Mag., in press). Euconnus murielae Last (p. 244): Dr A. M. Easton records a specimen taken indoors at Great Bookham, Surrey, in 1937, which is thus the earliest known capture of the species (Ent. mon. Mag., 1970, 106: 2). 48 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 4. MALACODERMATA (1969, 81: 269-273) Page 270, 1. 8, for ‘inisisted’ read ‘insisted’; 1. 9, delete final stop; 1. 13 up, for ’el. read ‘el. p. 271, 1. 12, for 1951 read 1851; 1. 16, for ‘indentified’ read ‘identified’. p. 273, 1. 26, delete I. Axinotarsus marginalis Lap. (Melyridae).—This species, new to Britain, is nearest to A. pulicarius F. which it much re- sembles, but may be readily distinguished as follows : — Smaller, |. 2:2-3 mm. Antennae shorter; segment 5 not longer than 4. Tarsi at least towards apex metallic black; front and middle tibiae reddish or pitchy-brown towards apex at least ¢ (in 2 often obscurely). Male: Antennae only about as long as elytra. Upper edge of elytral apex subtruncate, (upper) sutural angles rounded right-angles seen from above, outer apical angles not at all acute; apical excavation much shallower, reflexed part projecting beyond rest and forming the lower sutural angles, shiny brcown-black, of irregular twisted shape, pro- duced upward to meet the upper angles .................. marginalis. Larger, l. 3-35 mm. Antennae longer; segment 5 plainly longer than 4. Tarsi in great part red-yellow; all tibiae wholly dark. Male: Antennae much longer than elytra, or at least obviously so. Upper edge of elytral apex having the outline of an open inverted V, (upper) sutural angles very obtuse or absent and outer apical ones acute, seen from above; apical excavation very deep: lower sutural angles wanting, the (not shiny) brown reflexed part largely hidden from above inside the excavation, and having two pairs of backwardly- directed processes, the outer with spatulate, the inner with finely aciculate apex, and both pairs projecting to about the level of the outer ANGIESV..€ ... ROGER Lee. BR Sas eT: Be eee eee ee pulicarius. The complicated structure of the reflexed portion of the male elytral apex in these species and their allies in the Malachiini is very peculiar and remarkable, furnishing valuable specific characters analogous to those of the male genitalia in other groups. Found by Mr David Appleton (who already has to his credit a series of highly notable captures in the New Forest area, in- cluding Hypocoelus cariniceps Rtt. unique as British) in two localities in South Hampshire several miles apart: a wood near Fareham, and Bere Forest. In the former place a few examples were swept from herbage or flowers bordering the wood in the summer of 1966, and on 1-2.vii.67 it was rather common on flowers of Scabiosa succisa in a fire-break in another part of the wood. In the second locality it was common in June-July 1970 on flowers and grass around the edge of an area that had been cleared and sprayed. Quite naturally it was taken by its captor for A. pulicarius, and the fact that it instantly runs down to that species in British keys renders it possible that A. marginalis is standing as the other species in a few of our collections; this is likeliest of any captures within the last de- cade or two, since marginalis is plainly, I think, a recent colonist with us, whilst pulicarius is a very local insect of south- east England which does not appear to have been taken for a good many years. It remains to be seen whether the former, BRITISH COLEOPTERA: CORRECTIONS AND NOTES 49 having obtained a foothold, will spread much beyond its present stations; both species extend across central and southern Europe to the Caucasus. We now possess as British all three mid-European species of Axinotarsus. Ebaeus pedicularis F.—A member of an allied genus not ‘officially’ represented in our fauna; but there are definite records, supported moreover by actual specimens, to which the sole objection—or so it appears—is their antiquity. This species is the Malachius productus of Stephens (1830: 315-6; 1839: 195), concerning which Donisthorpe (1939, Prel. List Col. Windsor Forest: 82) writes: —‘‘ ‘Windsor, Dr Leach’ (Stephens, 1830). There are three specimens in the Stephensian collec- tion and three in the drawer of doubtful British species in the British Museum.” I have seen no other reference to the insect in our literature since Stephens, who records it also from Devonshire and Bristol, and again, it would seem, on Leach’s authority. The evidence for its having occurred is certainly no weaker, but rather stronger, than for a number of other species included with reserve, or at least mentioned, by Fowler (Col. Brit. Isl.); and, as with some others, the omission of the present species from his standard work (accidental?) explains its subse- quent neglect. In future E. pedicularis could with advantage be included with either the doubtful or the ‘presumed extinct’ species—preferably the former. It might well turn up again in the Windsor Forest area, just as did (e.g.) Ludius ferrugineus L. also taken there by Leach (teste Stephens). A note on certain other Melyrids given as British by Stephens.—The same author includes under his genus ‘Aploc- nemus’ two species that deserve passing notice, as they are not otherwise known as British. A. (now Trichoceble) floralis Ol. is stated to have been taken at Petworth, Sussex, by Westwood (1830: 317); but in the Manual (1839) the species is placed in brackets as ‘not rightly ascertained to be indigenous’ and the Petworth record transferred to Dasytes niger L. (both on p. 195). As the descriptions he gives of the two beetles do not differ greatly, we may fairly conclude that the original A. floralis record was a case of mistaken identity. It is otherwise, however, with the second species, A. (now Divales) 4-pustulatus F. (the name is given as 4-punctulatus in the earlier work), which, with another—‘Enicopus ater F.’ (now Henicopus pilosus Scop.)—he records as taken in Devonshire by Dr Leach. It is of interest to note that seven good pinned examples of the Divales are still extant among the remnants of the old ‘B.M.Coll.’ material at the end of the Power collection, which seem likely to be some of Leach’s specimens. Neverthe- less, there are two reasons—perhaps really one and the same —why it is safer to assume that the two species were ascribed to Britain through some error: viz., that both are purely southern in Europe, and that in the later work the entries for both are bracketed as doubtful. Yet it is a fact that some largely Mediterranean insects appear to be at home in at least the south-west of England! 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/7A-15/3/ 18 It may be added that the Dasytes caeruleus F. of Stephens is not the true species of that name—which has never been found in this country, though it ought to be—but Psilothrix cyaneus Ol.; that the same applies to his D. viridis Rossi; and that his D. serricornis is evidently the male, and his D. aeratus the female, of the well-known Dasytes aerosus Kies. Trichodes (p. 272): in my paper there referred to, on the British status of this genus of Cleridae, one record of T. alvearius F. was overlooked, namely ‘Leatherhead’ (Surrey) given by Stephens (1839: 198). He links it with Dorking (not far off) where Waterhouse had taken a specimen as reported in Stephens’s earlier work. We can thus tentatively date the Leatherhead capture as being some time between 1830 and 1839, and the probability that I. alvearius was then still linger- ing on in that part of Surrey is rendered thereby a few degrees stronger. Corynetes caeruleus Deg.: for a note on the habitat of this Clerid—which present certain points of interest—see Allen, Ent. mon. Mag., in press. 5. OXYPODA (1970, 82: 19-26) Page 20, 1. 10 and head of para. 3, alter ‘Muls.’ to ‘Rey’; also delete footnote and substitute: ‘Species of Staphylinidae hitherto ascribed to Mulsant, or Mulsant and Rey jointly, are now deemed to have been published by Rey (teste G. Fagel in litt.). The appropriate changes should therefore be made in the authorship of species 2, 9 and 12, and in the synonymy of species 15 and 16, in my check-list (pp. 24-5). p. 21, head of para. 3, delete ‘Muls. &’. p. 23, 1. 22, transpose final stop and bracket. p. 24, 1. 21 up, for ‘diflerent’ read ‘different’. p. 25, 1. 21, delete ‘as does Fowler’. In the check-list above mentioned I elected (provisionally, cf. note 3 succeeding the list) to follow Tottenham (1949) and Kloet & Hincks (1945) over the question of the correct name for the species long known as O. longiuscula Er. (or Grav.) and more recently as O. elongatula Aubé. The choice, however, turns out to have been unfortunate! Mons. G. Fagel, of Brussels an authority on the family, has been good enough to elucidate the matter: the older name (1806) cannot stand as it is a junior homonym of Aleochara longiuscula Grav. (1802)—now an Atheta (Liogluta). Consequently, species no. 7 (p. 25) should read elongatula Aubé (1850)/ =longiuscula (Gravenhorst, 1806, nec 1802). O. rugulosa Kr.: Dr G. A. Lohse (1970, Ent. Blatt., 66 (2): 66) has discovered that the species which has long passed under this name on the Continent is really another, O. riparia Fairm.; and from what he writes it is quite clear that the same is true of the British so-called O. rugulosa—one of our rarest species. Kraatz’s insect of which he has seen the type, is very distinct and seems extraordinarily rare. Actually, Fowler as long ago as 1888 (Col. Brit. Isl., 2: 32) recognised the identity of our GORTYNA BORELII PIERRET: A NEW BRITISH MOTH ol species with riparia Fairm. (nec Thoms.), but used Sharp’s name for it, while querying rugulosa Kr. as synonymous. Species 17 of the check-list must therefore be altered to riparia Fairmaire 1859/=mutata Sharp 1871/=rugulosa auct., nec Kraatz 1856. O. tarda Shp. (p. 24): in a paper which I have not seen (1959, Mitt. D. ent. Ges., 18 (4): 60-1), Dr H. Korge has split off from O. brachyptera Steph. a species determined as O. difficilis Roub. Dr Lohse, however (op. cit. sup., 67) points out that O. difficilis sensu Korge is a different species from Roubal’s and is in fact O. tarda Sharp. In my notes I have tentatively classified tarda as a form of the evidently plastic species brachyptera, but must stress that this treatment (like others in the same paper) is no more than provisional. When the ques- tion has been more thoroughly sifted it may well appear that tarda should be restored to specific rank; but as yet—the two forms being in any case exceedingly close—I am not convinced of the need for this, and meanwhile we shall not be far wrong in adopting the more synthetic point of view. It is, moreover, quite possible that the form tarda has on the Continent evolved further towards full speciation than it has in Britain; there are several instances where this (or the converse) seems to have happened. 6. ORTHOPERUS (1970, 82: 112-120) Page 112, 1. 8, insert comma after ‘limbs’. p. 113, 1. 1, insert full stop after (1889). p. 117, 1. 19 up, for nirgescens read nigrescens. p. 119, 1. 13 up, for Fennoscaydian read Fennos- candian; |. 4 up, for ‘seems’ read ‘seem’. 63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 26.x11.70. Gortyna borelii Pierret (ssp lunata Freyer ?): a new British moth By J. B. FISHER I have now taken 3 specimens of this moth, the first kindly identified by Mr D. Read of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, and the second and third by myself. The first, a female was caught at a lighted window in the autumn of 1968 and for various rather embarrassing reasons not taken to be identified until early this year. The others were taken on 25th September 1970 at an M.V. trap in the same locality. According to the Museum this is the first British record. This Hydraecia is well known in Central France and Central Europe generally I think, and has the typical Hydraecia shape. It resembles most a giant Frosted Orange (Gortyna flavago), its size in fact being similar to a Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua pronuba). My three specimens have wing spans ranging from 50 mm to over 56 mm. The ground colour of the fore wings, 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 however, is paler and much more olive than flavago, all 3 stigmata are very pronounced and there is a widening dark brown/black mark going horizontally through the orbital and reniform. Finally there is no inner line. The body is very similar indeed to flavago. With no other British record and little information to go on I thought it must be a vagrant or migrant but the capture of the second and third this September—one of which was very fresh—raised the possibility that this was a very local, indigen- ous species. On the advice of Mr D. S. Fletcher of the Museum I wrote to M. Charles Boursin in Paris and his reply was most encouraging. The moth he said is not a migrant, is unlikely to have been introduced recently and feeds on an extremely local member of the umbelliferous tribe which, as it happens, grows within 3 miles of my house (possibly nearer) and in very few other places in this country. He also pointed out (rather wryly) the somewhat similar circumstances of Hydraecia hucherardi’s discovery in the 1950’s, and was not at all sur- prised to hear that we had borelii. Thus there is a very strong likelihood that this is a local breeding species, possibly quite common. It is a relatively late flyer. There are no keen collectors that I know of in the imme- diate neighbourhood, and as the breeding area is rather remote I suppose it could easily have been overlooked for some time. I myself am a lazy collector at the moment, with an M.V. trap on at weekends only, and not every weekend, so more diligence at the right time could well have produced more specimens here, let alone in the actual breeding area. Next year, of course, I will search for larvae to try and prove breeding but it is nice to think that there is a strong possibility of a casual M.V. trap in commuter country still turning up a new breeding species. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 55 Butterflies of South Bohemia By OrakarR Kupona, F.R.E.S. Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge (Continued from Vol. 82, Page 330) SATYRIDAE Erebia ligea L. Eurosiberian. Coniferous forest. July-August. Quite widely distributed. in the country mainly in large forest areas except higher level of moun- tains. Mostly common. Erebia euryale Esp. Ssp. isarica Heyne. Boreo-alpine. Coniferous forest, July-August. Continuously distributed in spruce forests and their neighbourhood in the Sumava mountains from about 800 m. above sea level up and mostly very common, every year in spite of its two year life-cycle. L.: Antigl, Boubin, Cerny Kriz, Horska Kvilda, Javori pila, Jezerni slat, Kubova Hut, Kunzvart, Kvilda, Lenora, Libin, Modrava, Mrtvy luh, Nové Huté, Prachatice (?), Stachy, Stozec, Vacov, Vimperk, Volary, Vyssi Brod (?). R.: 18, 34, 36, 57, 61, 64. Erebia aethiops Esp. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-August. Widely distributed mainly in lowlands and usually common. Erebia medusa Den. et Schiff. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July. Distributed over the whole country and generally very common. Melanargia galathea L. Kuroriental. Meadow. June-August. Widely distributed and common in the country but does not occur above the 1000 m. line in mountain areas. Hipparchia fagi Scop. Euroriental. Forest steppe. July-August. Very rare and only a few examples have been occasionally captured. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Choustnik, Jindrichuy Hradec (?), Libnié, Nova Obora. RESO. OV Hipparchia aelia Hffmegg. Atlantic. Forest steppe. July-August. Locally distributed mainly in the valley of the river Vitava and on the sandy soils in the Trebon basin. Uncommon or rare. L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Cizova, Holubov, Klet, Kluéenice, Orlik, Pisek, Podolsko nad Vltavou, Rihov, Ripec, Sobéslav, Trebon, Vysehrad. Taiyo" TL eH he ep 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/7T71-15/3/71. Hipparchia semele L. Mediterranean. Forest steppe. July-September. Widely distributed in the country except higher level of the Sumava mountains (from about 900 m. above sea level up), but mostly uncommon. Brintesia circe F. Euroriental. Forest steppe. July-August. More continuously dis- tributed only in the south-east part of the country, where it is in certain years common and rather widely spread. Its permanent appearance as a common species on the top and hillsides of the mountain Kravi hora (958 m. above sea level) near the Austrian border seems to be quite unusual. L.: Certuv kamen, Ceské Budéjovice, Ceské Velenice, Dobra Voda, Dubikov, Choustnik, Jindrichuy Hradec, Kaplice, Kravi hora, Prelat, Sejby, Trhové Sviny, Trocnov. Jai Js By PN Sp ost Birk Chazara briseis L. Mediterranean. Steppe. July-September. Distributed mainly in lowlands on rough rocky hillsides, e.g. in the valley of the river Vltava. Mostly uncommon. L.: Kluéenice, Kotek, Netolice, Orlik, Rabi, Sobéslav, Srubec, Stachy, Tyn nad Vitavou, Vodnany, Zahorany. R.: 1, 12, 18, 33, 57, 64. Minois dryas Scop. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. Distributed only in the valley of the river Vitava south from Ceské Budéjovice, where the butter- fly was in certain restricted areas very common. In the last few years it has appeared much less abundantly. L.: Adolfov, Borsov, Ceské Budéjovice, Holubov, Jamné, Kamenny Ujezd, Kotek, Néma Strouha, Ranéice, Vrabée. int, Sell Girl Aphantopus hyperanthus L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed over the whole country except mountain areas from about 800 to 900 m. above sea level up. Usually very common. Pararge aegeria L. Ssp. egerides Stgr. Mediterranean. Forest steppe. May-June, July- August. Distributed throughout the whole country and generally common. Dira megaera L. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. April-June, July-September. Widely distributed in the country and common. Dira maera L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Distributed over the whole country and common. Lopinga achine Scop. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-July. A few specimens have BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 55 been found in the southern part of the country near the Austrian border, none of them in recent times. L.: Horni Dvoristé, Vyssi Brod. 1gt 2) OG Gye Maniola jurtina L. Euroriental. Meadow. June-September. Distributed in the whole country and usually very common. Hyponephele lycaon Rott. Eurosiberian. Steppe. July-August. Locally distributed on sandy soils mainly in the Trebon basin. Mostly uncommon. L.: Borkovice, Pisek, Sobéslav, Tabor, Vikov, Vodnany. 1h aly Oe Bie Coenonympha amyntas Poda. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Widely distributed in the country and common up to about 900 m. above sea level. Coenonympha arcania L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Widely distributed in the country up to about 800 m. above sea level but really common only in lowlands. Coenonympha pamphilus L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. Continuously from April until November in 3 broods. Distributed everywhere in the country and very common. Coenonympha tullia Mull. Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-August. Distributed in certain marshes, fens and peat-bogs in the Trebon basin and Sumava mountains, but there up to about 1000 m. above sea level only. Mostly uncommon. L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice (?), Dolni Radoun, Horni Dvoristé, Jind- richuv Hradec, Jirikovo Udoli, Mrtvy, luh, Nové Hrady, Peckov, Petrikov, Pribraz, Rihov, Sobéslav. R.: 9, 18, 36, 53, 57, 64. NYMPHALIDAE Apatura iris L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-August. Widely distributed in the whole country, but almost never common. Apatura ilia Den. et Schiff. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Widely distributed in the lowlands, usually uncommon. Limenitis camilla L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-July. Only a few specimens have been captured. Its appearance in the valley of the river Vltava (e.g. at Orlik) is possible according to the present distribution of the butterfly in Central Bohemia. L.: Orlik, Rejstejn. Re lS site 56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 Limenitis populi L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. The butterfly is rather sporadically distributed throughout the whole country. Uncommon. Neptis rivularis Scop. (=Iucilla Schiff.) Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. The butterfly is distributed continuously in the south-eastern part of the country especially along the rivers Luznice and Nezarka, where it is common in certain restricted areas. It has been found rarely in some other localities where its foodplant Spirea spp. occurs. L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Horusice, Hurka, Jindrichuv Hradec, Lisov, Nova Bystrice, Nové Hrady, Plavsko, Pribraz, Rozmbersky rybnik, Staré Reky, Sobéslav, Spoli, Straz nad Nezarkou, Schwarzen- bersky rybnik, Trhové Sviny, Trebon, Veseli nad LuZnici, Zlataa, Stoka, Zelnava (?). 183, 9 Js 3t, 6 ), bul, oBk Br, et Vanessa atalanta L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August, August-May. Widely distributed over the whole country and common. The over-wintering of adults is not clearly proven and high abundance of the summer-brood in certain years possibly depends mostly on immigration in June. Vanessa cardui L. Cosmopolitan. Meadow. June-July, August-May. Distributed throughout the whole country and often very common in summer and early Autumn. Inachis io L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August, August-May. Distributed everywhere and very common. Nymphalis xanthomelas Esp. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-May. Uncommon but established in restricted locality in the valley of the river Vltava at Tyn nad Vltavou. Occasionally the butterfly has been found in a few other localities. L.: Jindrichuv Hradec (?), Pisek, Prachatice, Strunkovice nad Blanici, Tyn nad Vitavou. R.: 12, 57. Nymphalis polychloros L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-May. Distributed over the whole country and mostly common. Nymphalis antiopa L. Holoarctic. Deciduous forest. July-May. Distributed throughout the country and usually common. Polygonia c-album L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-July, August-May. Distributed throughout the whole country and common. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 57 Araschnia levana L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-May, July-August. Widely distributed over the whole country and common. Melitaea diamina Lang. Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-August. The butterfly is quite widely distributed throughout the country and locally common on less cultivated marshes. Melitaea parthenie Borkh. European. Steppe. June-August. Locally distributed in certain xero- thermic biotypes and mostly rare. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Hartmanice (?), Nové Hrady (?), Ranéice, Sobéslav, Tabor, Trhové Sviny, Vidov. IR lO Melitaea cinxia L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July. Distributed mainly in lowlands and there often common. Melitaea phoebe Den. et Schiff. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed only in a few restricted xerothermic areas. Rare. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Rejta, Vidov. 15,8 BIA Bite Melitaea didyma Esp. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed only in a few restricted xerothermic areas, preferable on limestone, but there usually common. L.: Kluéenice, Milesov, Orlik, Pisek, Susice, Ujezd. R.: 37, 50. Mellicta athalia Rott. EKurosiberian. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Distributed throughout the whole country and mostly very common in summer. In lowlands generally double-brooded. Mellicta neglecta Pfau. European (?). Peat-bog (?). June-July (?). A single male has been recorded recently from the peat-bog Mrtvy luh in the Sumava mountains. Although the relationship between M. neglecta Pfau and M. thalia Rott. is not quite clear, nor is the bionomy, ecology and distribution either. L.: Mrtvy luh. R.: 68. Mesoacidalia charlotta L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed over the whole country and common. 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/ TA=15/ar Fabriciana adippe Rott. Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-August. Widely distributed in the country and mostly common. Fabriciana niobe L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-August. Widely distributed throughout the whole country and usually common. Pandoriana pandora Den. et Schiff. Mediterranean. Steppe. July-August. Only two specimens have been captured in the valley of the river Malse near Ceské Budéjovice (31/7/1932 and 8/8/1936). Possibly an occasional immigration from Austria. L.: Rimov. R.: 42, 48, 44, 48. Argynnis paphia L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-September. Distributed every- where and mostly very common. Brenthis ino Rott. Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-July. Locally distributed in certain marshy habitats mainly in the Sumava mountains (up to about 1000 m. above sea level) and its surroundings, where it is mostly common. L.: Antigl, Divéi Kamen, Kristanovice, Lenora, Netolice, Peckov, Polecnice, Prachatice, Prelat, Spoli, Sobéslav, Trhové Sviny, Trojice, Vacov, Vimperk. Ras lao, 3a; .04,,00, 48, Proclossiana eunomia Esp. Holoarctic. Peat-bog. June-July. Recently distributed only in restricted area of the peat-bog Mrtvy luh in the Sumava mountains and its neigh- bourhood, but there very common. A few specimens have been found in peat-bogs in the valley of the river Vltava near Vyssi Brod but this locality has been inundated by the building of an artificial lake almost twenty years ago. L.: Chotyéany (?), Mrtvy luh, Vyssi Brod. R.: 12, 36, 67, 68. Clossiana selene Esp. Holoarctic. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Widely distributed and mainly in lowlands common. In the lowlands only there might be a partial second brood. Clossiana euphrosyne L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. May-July. Widely distributed in the country and common. Clossiana dia L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-May, July-August. Distributed through- out the whole country and mostly common. In mountains possibly only single brooded. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 59 Boloria aquilonaris Stich. Eurosiberian. Peat-bog. June-July. Distributed in a few restricted areas in peat-bogs in the Sumava mountains. Uncommon or rare. L.: Kunzvart, Lenora, Modrava, Mrtvy luh. Rea oOs DO ONROGe Issoria lathonia L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July, August-May. Distributed through- out the whole country and common. Double-brooded possibly only in lowlands. RIODINIDAE Hamearis lucina L. European. Deciduous forest. May-June, August? The butterfly is locally distributed mainly in certain restricted habitats (deciduous forest and rough bushy hillsides) in the valley of the river Vitava. Uncommon. L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Horni Dvoristé, Klucenice, Sobéslav. Relivo One LYCAENIDAE Thecla quercus L. Mediterranean. Deciduous forest. June-August. Sporadically dis- tributed in lowlands. Uncommon. Thecla betulae L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. July-September. Widely distributed mainly in lowlands, mostly uncommon. Strymondia spini Schiff. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-July. Distributed locally mainly in the valley of the river Vitava in restricted areas on xerothermic bushy hillsides. Rare. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Hluboka nad Vitavou, Néma Strouha, Roudna, Sobéslav, Susice, Vysenské kopce. figs lbs BYE Strymonidia w-album Knoch. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. June-August. Distributed in a few restricted areas. It occurs preferably on warm dry bushy hillsides. Un- common or rare. L.: Hluboka nad Vitavou, Nova Obora, Peckov, Vacov, Zdikov. Reel 2a re Strymonidia pruni L. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. Locally distributed in lowlands, mostly uncommon or rare. L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Horni Dvoristé (?), Kluéenice, Sobéslav, Tyn nad Vltavou. R.: 9) 37, 57. 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/77 1-05/ 3/7 Callophrys rubi L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-June. Distributed throughout the whole country and common. Heodes virgaureae L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-September. Distributed throughout the whole country and mostly very common. Heodes tityrus Poda. Atlantic. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Widely distributed in the country up to about 800 m. above sea level. Common. Heodes alciphron Rott. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-July. Distributed locally mainly in the Sumava mountains and hills Novohradské hory. It occurs rather rarely in rough meadows, marshes and similar uncultivated grassy places. In a few restricted areas common. L.: Ceské Velenice, Dobra Voda, Hartmanice, Idina pila, Klasterec, Lenora, Mrtvy luh, Netolice, Peckov, Pisek, Prachatice, Rihov, Vacov, Vyse- hrad, Vyssi Brod. IR, JPA ith Bile BBY ale, Sif, Lycaena phlaeas L. Holoarctic. Meadow. May-June, July-September. Distributed through- out the whole country and common. Thersamonia dispar Haw. Ssp. rutilus Wernb. Eurosiberian. Meadow (marsh). May-July. Only two single specimens have been found in the valley of the river Vltava near Ceské Budéjovice: Ist in June 1926, 2nd 15/6/1940. L.: Néma Strouha. lane Gy Thersamonia thersamon Esp. Euroriental. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Only a few specimens have been found in the country, all of which were recorded before the year 1930. Possibly extinct. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Hluboka nad Vlavou, Klet. log BE Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe L. Eurosiberian. Marsh. June-August. Widely distributed in the country, but only in certatin restricted areas really common. Possibly partially double brooded in lowlands, certainly single-brooded in moun- tain areas. Lampides boeticus L. Tropical. Forest-steppe, June-September. The only specimen recorded in the country was one female found in the year 1898. Certainly an immigrant or casual introduction. L.: Horepnik. Rese. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 61 Everes argiades Pall. Eurosiberian. Meadow. May-June, July-September. Distributed throughout the whole country and generally common, the summer brood locally very common, the spring brood in higher levels often uncommon or rare. Cupido minimus Fuessl. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed sporadi- cally mainly in lowlands, but it occurs locally in mountain part of the country. In certain restricted xerothermic areas very common. Celastrina argiolus L. Eurosiberian. Deciduous forest. April-June, July-September. Dis- tributed over the whole country and mostly common. Scolitantides orion Pall. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed locally in a few restricted xerothermic biotypes, e.g. in the valley of the river Vltava. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Divéi Kamen, Holubov, Horepnik, Vidov. Res 157: Philotes vicrama Moore. Ssp. schiffermulleri Hemm. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July- August. Distributed in certain restricted areas on xerothermic biotypes in lowlands. Mostly rare. L.: Ceské Velenice, Dobra Voda, Horepnik, Chotyéany, Kajov, Koroseky, Lipno, Vidov, Vrabée. Into dls We BBY OI Glaucopsyche alexis Poda. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-July. Sporadically distributed in certain restricted areas on xerothermic biotypes preferable on limestone. Mostly rare. L.: Adolfov, Ceské Budéjovice, Divéi Kamen, Hluboka nad Vltavou, Kluéenice, Orlik, Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Rantice, Sobéslav, Stranov, Tyn nad Vitavou, Velesin, Vidov, Vrabée, Vysenské kopce. Iie MPA SIT OIE Maculinea alcon Den. et Schiff. Euroriental. Meadow. June-August. Locally distributed mainly in the valley of the river Vitava south from Ceské Budéjovice. The butterfly usually occurs in restricted areas and appears quite rare. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Chynov, Koroseky, Kotek, Nové Hrady, Trocnov, Vyssi, Brod. Velen ide Maculinea teleius Bergstr. Eurosiberian. Marsh. July-August. Distributed sporadically mainly in lowlands and mostly uncommon, but in certain restricted areas is very common. 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/77. Maculinea nausithous Bergstr. Eurosiberian. Marsh. July-August. Widely distributed throughout almost the whole country, but usually uncommon, except for certain restricted areas, where it is common. Maculinea arion L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-September. Widely distributed through- out the whole country and usually common. Lycaeides idas L. European. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Distributed in certain xerothermic usually restricted locaiities in lowland, usually uncommon OF Tare: L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Jankov, Kaproun, Klucenice, Néma Strouha, Nové Hrady, Orlik, Pisek, Tabor, Tyn nad Vlitavou, Veseli nad Luznici, Vidov, Vrabée. Re ls40o, Dil. Plebejus argus L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August (possibly only partially double- brooded). Distributed throughout almost the whole country and gener- ally common, on certain heaths very common. Aricia agestis Den. et Schiff. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-June, July-August. Sporadically dist\ri- buted in restricted warm and dry biotypes mostly in lowlands, un- common. The butterfiy occurs on the hillsides of Kravi Hora (958 m. above sea level) near the Austrian border, but is not common there. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Dobra Voda, Jankov, Koroseky, Netolice, Orlik, Pisecka Smolec, Piseck, Prachatice, Sobéslav, Tabor, Trocnov, Tyn nad Vitavou, Vysenské kopce, Zahoany. 183 2, BBL Bi, BTL Eumedonia chiron Rott. Eurosiberian. Marsh. July-August. Only in a few very restricted areas on marshes with Geranium ssp., there usually uncommon. L.: Chynov, Kratochvile, Pisek. RS Sil, 65} Cyaniris semiargus Rott. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed throughout the whole country and common. Vacciniia optilete Knoch. Eurosiberian. Peat-bog. June-August. Continuously distributed only in peat-bogs in the Sumava mountains and Trebon basin. In its habitat usually uncommon, but in a few restricted areas might be found very abundant. L.: Borkovice, Cervené Blato, Horska Kvilda, Churdnov, Javori pila, Jezerni slat, Jirikovo udoli, Kovarav, Kvilda, Kunzvart, Lenora, Modrava, Mrtvy luh, Nové Hrady, Petrikov, Plechy, Popelni hora, Sobéslav, Volary, Zlata Studna, Zelnava. vce ts) Ob dies 16s) 36, ol, O05 00, 64.168. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 63 Polyommatus icarus Rott. Eurosiberian. Meadow. May-June, July-September. Distributed throughout the whole country and mostly very common. Lysandra icarius Rott. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed usually in slightly damp, but warm meadows in lowlands and in certain restricted areas common. The most abundant in the typical xerothermic locality of Vysenske konpce. L.: Borkovice, Cérvena nad Vltavou, Dobra Voda, Jindrichuv Hradec, Jirikovo Udoli, Kluéenice, Netolice, Nova Obora, Nové Hrady, Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Ranéice, Ripec, Sobéslav, Tyn nad Vitavou, Vysenské kopce. Ree OF W230. Lysandra argester Bergstr. Euroriental. Steppe. June-August. Locally distributed in certain xerothermic restricted areas preferable on limestone, in a few of them common. L.: Geské Budéjovice, Chatyéany, Kluéenice, Kotek, Ranéice, Sobéslav, Trhové Sviny, Vyseiske Kopce. 180 PA, Shy, Bile Lysandra bellargus Rott. Euroriental. Meadow. May-June, July-August. Widely distributed in lowlands and sometimes common. Lysandra coridon Poda. Euroriental. Steppe. June-August. Distributed in certain restricted xerothermic areas mostly on limestone, but only in a few of them common or very common. L.: Borkovice, Ceské Budéjovice, Klucénice, Mokra, Milesov, Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Rabi, Tyn nad Vlitavou, Veseli nad LuZznici, Vidov, Vysenské kopce. RO kl Ove Agrodietus damon Den. et Schiff. Eurosiberian. Steppe. July-August. Only a few specimens have been recorded in xerothermic biotypes mostly in the wider surroundings of Ceské Budéjovice. L.: Geské Budéjovice, Hluboka nad Vltavou, Horni Dvoristé (?). 18%, G0 dhe Bille Meleageria meleager Esp. Euroriental. Steppe. July-August. Distributed only in certain res- tricted areas on xerothermic biotypes, only in a few of them common. Preferably on limestone. L.: Borkovice, Geské Budéjovice, Kamenny Ujezd, Klucénice, Orlik, Pisecka Smoleé, Pisek, Sobéslav, Strakonice, Tyn nad Vltavou, Veseli na LuZnici, Vidov, Vysenské kopce. Re: 19125071. 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/ 3/71 HESPERIIDAE Erynnis tages L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. April-June, July-August. The butterfly is widely distributed and common over the whole country about 900 m. above sea level. Carcharodu alceae Esp. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. April-May, July-August. Only occasional specimens have been captured in a few xerothermic habitats. L.: Karov, Klet, Klucenice, Sobéslav. (2neenia sya Gy Pyrgus carthammi Hbn. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-August (1 or 2 broods?). Only a few specimens have been recorded, none of them recently. (May be extinct). L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Jamné, Néma Strouha, Vrabée. eae Ore Pyrgus malvae L. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. April-May, July-August. Generally dis- tributed and common throughout the whole country. Pyrgus serratulae Rbr. Eurosiberian. Steppe. May-July (1 brood only?). The distribution is restricted to certain xerothermic habitats mainly in the valley of the river Vitava. Rare. L.: Ceské Budéjovice, Chynov, Kluéenice, Néma Strouha, Pisek, Rimov. Ieee dy PS Site Bt Pyrgus alveus Hbn. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. July-August. Widely distributed in the country and in some areas common. Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. Holoarctic. Deciduous forest. May-June. Widely distributed in the country up to about 800-900 m. above sea level, but only locally common. Adopea lineola Ochs. Eurosiberian. Forest steppe. June-August. Generally distributed and common. Adopea sylvestris Poda. Eurosiberian. Meadow. July-September. Distributed throughout the whole country and common. Thymelicus acteon Rott. Mediterranean. Forest steppe. June-August. The distribution is restricted to certain xerothermic habitats mainly in the valley of the river Vitava. Rare. L.: Kluéenice, Lipno nad Vltavou, Orlik, Pisecka Smoleé, Sobéslav, Such- dol nad LuZnici, Tyn nad Vitavou, Vrabée. Ret cl? 37. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 65 Ochlodes venata Brem. et Gray Ssp. septentrionale Vty. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Widely distributed in the whole country and common, locally very common. Hesperia comma L. Eurosiberian. Meadow. June-August. Distributed almost everywhere up to about 900 m. above sea level and common. NOTE In the literature there are data of occurence of the two following species in South Bohemia. These species have not been included in this study, because their occurrence in South Bohemia is more than doubtful: Colias chrysotheme Esp.: Sumava mountains (18). New data. The occurence of this typical steppe species in this locality is certainly impos- sible. Possibly a mistake in identification (36). Polygonia l-album Esp.: Jindrichuy Hradec (57). Old data. Possibly an occasional migrant (?), but it is almost certainly a mistake in identifica- tion. REFERENCES 1. Bata, L. (1929-31). Versuch einer faunistischen Bearbeitung der Makrolepidopteren des sudlichsten Bohem.—Z. Oster. Entomologen- Vereines, Wien, 14: 49-51, 62-64, 82-83, 91-92, 127-128. 16: 6-7, 14-16. . Bata, L. (1930). Zprava o zajimavéjsich Lepidopterech jihoceskych za r. 1929—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov. Praha, 27: 95. . Bata, L. (1930). Fauna motyli a flora jiznich Cech s hlediska biocenosy. —Roéenka vlast. Spol. jiho¢eské, Ceské Budéjovice, 1: 92-110. Bata, L. (1933). Dosavadni vysledky zoologického vyzkumu jiznich Cech.—Ceské Budéjovice. Bata, L. (1940). Entomologické pabérky z jiznich Cech.—Folia ent., Brno, 3: 37-38. . Beuret, H. (1953-61). Die Lycaeniden der Schweiz I-III.—Basel. . Bréak, J. (1942). Vyznacni motylové jihocéeskych blat.—Vesmir, Praha, 21 (1942-43): 54. Bréak, J. (1946). Prispévek k faunistie Lepidopter jizni Cech—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 43: 75-76. . Bréak, J. (1948). Biocenologicka studie Macrolepidopter na raselinisti severozapadné od Veseli n/Luz. v jiznich Cechach.—Folia net., Brno, 11: 92-111. . Dohnal, J. a kol. (1965). Geskoslovenska raselinisté a slatinisté.—Praha. . Dostal, J. (1957). Fytogeograficke Glenéni CSR.—Sbor. és. Spol. zemépisne, Praha, 62: 1-18. . Ebenhoh, J. (1965). Prispévek k poznani jihoceské fauny Rhapalocer.— Sbor. jihoé. Mus.—Prir. Védy, Ceské Budéjovice, 5: 84-87. . Foltin, H. (1943). Beitrag zur Fauna von Oberdonau.—Z. Wiener ent. Ges., Wien, 28: 94-97. . Foltin, H. (1951). Die Macrolepidopterenfauna der Flachmore OberGsterreichs.—Z. Wiener. ent. Ges. Wien., 46: 49-58. . Foltin, H. (1963). Beitrag zur Fauna von Oberdsterreich.—Z. Wiener ent. Ges., Wien, 48: 35-38, 81-85, 93-96, 133-140. . Ford, E. B. (1945). Butterflies.—London. . Forster, W. et Wohlfahrt, T. A. (1955). Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuro- pas. Bd. 2. Tagfalter.—Stuttgart. - Havel, L. (1967). Rhoplocera sumavskeho predhuri (Vacovsko) a centralni Sumavy.—Sbor. Jihoces. Mus.—prir. Vedy. Ceské Budé- jovice, 7: 14-19. 19. Hruby, K. (1956). Araschnia levana L. v Geskoslovensku.—Ochrana Prirody, Praha, 11: 257-264. 20. Hruby, K. (1956). Motyli fauna Mlynanského arboreta.—Biol. Prace SAV, Bratislava, 3/4: 1-74. ey C2) EN By PS 69 ai — - oO Ee Se Se ao fF WwW ND a 1D —_ Co 66 ai. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 Hruby, K. (1959). Motyli fauna Dvora Krdalové n. Lab. a nejblizsiho okolii—Acta Mus. Reginaehradecensis, Hradec Kralove, 3: 217-294. Hruby, K. (1964). Prodromus Lepidopter Slovenska.—Bratislava. Joukl, H. A. (1908). Motylove a housenky stredni Evropy.—Praha. Kodym, O. (1954). Geoglogicky vyvoj Ceskoslovenska.—in: Vesely, J. (red): Ochrana Geskoslovenské prirody a krajiny, 2: 29-144, Praha. Koch, M. (1966). Wir bestimmen Schmetterlinge, I.Bd. (2.Aufi.)— Radebeul und Berlin. Kostrowicki, A. S. (1965). Regionalizacja zoogeograficzna palearktyki w oparciu o faune motyli tzw. wiekszych.—Prace geogr., Warszawa, 51: 1-98. Krzywicki, M. (1959). Lycaenidae, Erycinidae.—Klucze do Oznacz. Owadow Polski, Warszawa. 27: 61-62. Krzywicki, M. (1962). Pieridae, Papilionidae.—Klucze do Odznacz. Owadow Polski, Warszawa, 27: 65-66. Krzywicki, M. (1966). Satyridae.—Klucze do Oznacz. Owadow Polski, Warszawa, 27: 63. Krzywicki, M. (1968). Apaturidae et Nymphalidae.—Klucze do Oznacz. Owadow Polski, Warszawa, 27: 64. Kudrna, O. (1957). K. ponani motylu jiznich Cech.—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 54: 40. Kudrna, O. (1958). Zajimava forma supinek druhu Lycaena virgaureae L.—Acta Mus. Siles., Apava, 7: 90-92. Kudrna, O. (1959). Fauna Rhopalocer okoli Netolic—Sbor. kraj. vlastived. Mus.—prir. Vedy, Ceské Budéjovice, 2: 133-138. Kudrna, O. (1968). Denni motyli v okoli Vimperka.—Sbor jihoées. Mus.—prir. Védy, Ceské Budéjovice, 8: 18-23. Kudrna, O. (1968). Zlutdsek Colias australis Verity, 1911 v jiznich Cechach.—Sbor. jiho¢ées. Mus.—prir. Védy, Ceské Budéjovice, 8: 58-64. Kudrna, O. (1969). Vyznammé druhy Rhopalocer na Sumave.— Zpravodaj CHOS, Ceské Budéjovice, 9: 22-31. Levy, J. (1948). Prispevek k motyli fauné jiho¢éeské.—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 45: 78-89, 156-161. Maran, J. (1953). Puvod a slozeni zvireny Ceskoslovenska.—Praha. Maran, J. (1954). Zvirena Ceskoslovenské republiky s hlediska ochrany prirody a krajiny.—in Vesely, J. (red): Ochrana Geskoslovenské prirody a krajiny, Praha, 2: 410:540. Maran, J. (1956). Nastin entomogeografickych poméru Ceskoslovenska. —Acta faun. ent. Mus. nat. Prague, Praha, 1: 3-25. Maran, J. (1958). Zoogeografické Gleneni Ceskoslovenska.—Sbor. cs. Spol, zemep., Praha, 63: 89-110. Moucha, J. (1951). The distribution of Pandoriana maja Cr. in Central Europe.—Acta ent. Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha, 27: 69-88. Moucha, J. (1959). Neueste Forschungsergebnisse uber unser Lepi- dopteren-Fauna und deren Bedeutung fur die Lésung zoo- geographischer Fragen in der Tschechoslowakei.—Acta faun. ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Praha, 4: 1-81. Moucha, J. (1967). Geographische Verbreitung and Variabilitat von Pandoriana pandora (Denis et Schiffer-muller, 1775)—Acta ent. Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha, 37: 239-249. 5. Novak, F. A. (1954). Prehled ¢eskoslovenske kvéteny s hlediska och- rany prirody. — in Vesely, J. (red): Ochrana ¢eskoslovenske prirody a krajiny, Praha, 2: 193-409. . Povolny, D. et Smelhaus, J. (1951). Colias palaeno L. ssp. europome Esp. ve Slezsku.—Prirod. Sbor. ostr. Kr., Opava, 12: 402-410. . Seitz, A. (1909). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Bd. I, Die pale- arktischen Tagfalter.—Stuttgart. . Schack, E. (1936). Mein erster Argynnis pandora Schiff. — Ent. Zeitschr., Frankfurt a.M., 50: 125-128. . Schwarz, R. (1948-49). Motyli 1 & 2—Praha . Soffner, J. (1930). Zur Schmetterlingsfauna des mittlern Béhmer- waldes.—Mitt. munch. ent. Ges., Munchen, 20: 115-132. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH BOHEMIA 67 . Spitzer, K. (1958). K. vyskytu a bionomiii Neptis coenobita Stoll. innominata Lewis v jiznich Cechach.—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 55: 298-299. . Spitzer, K. (1960). K vyskytu motylu v jihovychodnich Cechach.— Acta. Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 57: 91-92. . Spitzer, K. (1964). Rhopalocera na Jindrichohradecku.—Sbor. Jihoces. Mus.—pir. Vedy, Ceské Budéjovice, 4: 133-138. . Spitzer, K. (1966). Predbézna entomogeograficka charakteristika fauny Lepidopter jiznich Cech—II. entomologické Symposium, Opava (1966): 327-335. . Staudinger, O. et Rebel, H. (1901). Catalog der Lepidopteren des palearktischen Faunengebietes.—Berlin. 3. Smolik, L. (1954). Mikroklimatologie s hlediska ochranarského.—in Vesely, J. (red): Ochrana cGeskoslovesnke priorody a _ krajiny, Praha, 1: 77-145. . Sterneck, J. (1929). Prodromus der Schmetterlingsfauna Bohmens.— Karlsbad. . Straberger, F. (1933). Nékteré poznatky motyli fauny ve Veseli n/Luz.—Acta Soc. ent. cechoslov., Praha, 29: 188-189. . Sustera, O. (1944). Uvod k prodromu nasich véel. Nynejsi i byvale prirodni poméry Cech a Moravy. /in: Prodromus Hymenop- terorum patriae nostrae/. — Acta ent. Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha, 21-22: 443-477. Svec, R., Nekovar, F. et Vojtéch, S. (1967-68). Zeméjisny obraz Jiho- cCeského kraje, I-III, Prirodnn poméry.—Rozpr. ped. Fak., Ceské Budéjovice, 4, 6. Tronicéek, E. (1934). Hostitelske kvéty sluncemilovnych motylu v horském pasmu stredni Sumavy.—Véda prir., Praha, 15: 270- 274, 295-299. Varin, G. a kol. (1963). Nomenclature des Lepidopteres de France, Grypoceres et Rhopaloceres.—Bull. Soc. ent. Mulh., Mulhouse, 1963 (Suppl.): 1-14. Verity, R. (1940-53). Le farfalle diurne d'Italia. Vol. I-V.—Firenze. Voldrich, M. (1963). La faune des papillons des montagnes de Sumava Centrale——Acta faun. ent. Mus. nat. Pragae, Praha, 9: 5-55. Warren, B. C. S. (1936). Monograph of the genus Erebia.—London. Warren, B. C. S. (1944). Review of the classification of the Argynnidi: with a systematic revision of the genus Boloria.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., London, 94: 1-101. Weiss, D. (1966). Zprava o vyskytu perletovce mokradniho (Clos- siana aphirape Hbn.) na Sumave.—Zpravy ¢s. Spol. ent., Praha, 2: 103-104. Weiss, D. (1967). Perletovec Proclossiana eunomia Esp., 1797 (C. aphirape Hubner, 1799) v Ceskoslovensku.—Cas. nar. Mus., Praha, 136 (Odd. prirodoved): 195-200. Williams, C. B. (1958). Insect migration.—London. Wiltshire, E. P. (1945). The zoogeographical classification of west palearctic species. Stud. in geogr. of Lep. III.—Entomologist, Lon- don, 78: 113-116, 131-136. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 The Editor much regrets the disruption occasioned by the postal strike in combination with other unavoidable causes of delay. To rectify matters, the present issue is dated from February to 15th March, and it is proposed that the next issue shall be dated 16th March to April, the issues being enlarged accordingly, and thereafter it is proposed to return to the customary routine, but there will be ten instead of the customary eleven issues in 1971. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 69 Notes and Observations A PossIB_LE CASE oF DIPTEROUS ECTOPARASITES CAUSING THE Deatu oF NESTLING HousE Martins.—During August 1969, I received a letter from Mr J. R. Clay of Dudleston Manor Farm, Dudleston, near Ellesmere, Salop, requesting the identification of an insect which he had taken from a dying House Martin, Delichon urbica (L.). On examination, I found it to be a specimen of the louse-fly, Stenepteryx hirundinis L. (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a common ectoparasite of martins and swallows. As Mr Clay mentioned that the House Martins nesting around his farm were dying, and deserting their nests, I asked him for further particulars. He subsequently informed me that he actually found two nestlings dying on the ground, apparently having fallen from their nests, and that he removed five of these flies from each of them. Both birds died shortly after- wards. Furthermore, Mr Clay told me that he had 21 occupied nests at the front of his farmhouse and 25 at the rear. A few days after he found the second bird dying, he noticed that the adult House Martins had deserted the latter group of nests, and, on investigation, discovered that about half of the 25 nests contained dead nestlings or adults (mostly the former) in them, the number in each nest varying from 1 to 4. Unfortunately, Mr Clay was not able to check these other dead birds for parasites, but in view of this remarkably high mortality and the high number of Hippoboscids he found on the two dying birds beneath the nests, it seems to me that this may have been a case of a heavy infestation of ectoparasites having been responsible. The fact that the group of nests at the front of the farmhouse were apparently unaffected would appear to rule out starvation due to a spell of unfavourable weather reducing the availability of food to the young. In any case, that would not satisfactorily explain the deaths of the adults found in the nests. Such examples of blood-sucking ectoparasites causing the death of their hosts are rare, but it is known that the depreda- tions of S. hirundinis can sometimes so weaken martins and swallows that they become incapable of flight—J. F. Burton, BBC Natural History Unit, Bristol 8. 17.xii.1970. An UNusua. LATE Broop oF NEPTICULA ANOMALELLA GOEZE.— On 4th October this year, I inspected a small and nondescript rose bush in my garden for Nepticulid mines and found two, probably N. fletcheri Tutt. This bush usually has three or four 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/74-15/54 mines of N. anomalella, and I was somewhat surprised to see the different mine, with no anomalella. On 10th December I had occasion to go to the same, usually unfrequented part of my garden and was astonished to see the bush literally covered by anomalella mines. I counted 75 mined leaves and some of these had two or even three mines. The mines were all empty but gave the appearance of having only recently been vacated. However, I found no cocoons in their customary place on the leaf petiole against the stem. Possibly, being a late brood, the larvae had dropped to the ground to spin up in surface litter, or possibly they may have found their way into the crop of our garden wren; next year may produce a clue to show which way they went.—S. N. A. JAacoss, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE. 26.xii.1970. AN UNDETERMINED LEAF-MINE ON SALLOW.—In October of this year, when collecting at Debden in Essex, I found a vacated mine in a leaf of Salix capraea which I could not determine. It appeared to be the early feeding of a Tortricid larva, and it reminded me of Gypsonoma oppressana Treits. on white poplar in that the frass proturded through the downy under surface of the leaf. I consulted Hering’s herbarium at the Natural History Museum, where I found a single example of a similar mine on Salix cinerea which had been taken in the Berlin area on 20th September 1953. MHering’s annotation of the mine reads:— “Tortricide, Frassbild anlich wie bei Gypsonoma oppressana Treits an Populus.” Can anyone identify the mine for me? Has oppressana ever been recorded from sallow?—A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cot- tage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 18.xii.1970. A LaTE Couias crRocEA Fourc.—It was on this date four years ago that I noted the finding of a female clouded yellow butterfly on the beach at Porthpean, Cornwall. The specimen was in a lethargic state and it first appeared to be dead. It was found on the sand only a few inches above the reach of the oncoming waves from the sea, and it seemed to be in danger of being washed away by the next large wave. On examination it proved to be in good condition, except for the absence of quite a large, almost semicircular piece which had been torn from the terminal area of the left hind wing. Whether this individual was an accidental wind-blown immigrant, or a freak emergence from a local brood, is a mystery. The butterfly remained alive in my cold garage for the following five and a half weeks, until it died naturally on or about the 2nd February 1967. Not surprisingly, although regular supplies of fresh clover leaves were presented, no ova were laid.—Joun L. Grecory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 25.12.1970. CURRENT LITERATURE Fil AN EARLY BUTTERFLY.—Following the extraordinarily warm spell of weather at the weekend 9th/10th January when temperatures were as high as 15°C. it would not be surprising that the sighting of a dormant butterfly should come to our notice. This was in fact the case and I should like to record that Mrs N. F. Macmillan sighted a large colourful butterfly at Bromborough, Cheshire. She tells me that it was not a small tortoseshell (Aglais urticae (Linn.)) being too large and more colourful and I suspect it to have been a peacock (Nymphalis io (Linn.)).—E. G. Hancock, Assistant Keeper of Invertibrate Zoology, City of Liverpool Museums. 12.i.1971. APROPOS !— Now ready, price 2d. A FAMILIAR CONVERSATION ON DECIMAL COINAGE. By J. J. STAINTON. Advertisement in H. T. Stainton’s Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer, Vol. 1 (No. 4): p. 32, of 26th April 1856. Was J. J. perhaps a relative of H.T.?—C. F. COWAN. Current Literature Insect Pollination ef Crops by John B. Free. xi. + 544. Academic Press Ine. (London) Ltd. £7.25 (145/-). In his preface the author points out the scope of his work, which is to bring together under one cover the essence of the information scattered through the literature (over 1700 titles are given in the bibliography at the end of the book), so that it may be readily available to the people, from growers to research workers, who are in need of it. He acknowledges that in some cases our knowledge is still in need of further research, and in such cases he mentions the fact; he also in- vites new information so that it may be included in a second edition, foreseen for some time in the future. The plants are limited to those of economic importance, and excludes decora- tive plants and timber trees. After the index of contents, there is a short list of conversion factors for the conversion of linear, square, and avoirdupoids weights and measures into their respective decimal units and vice versa. Scientific names are used throughout on account of the diversity of vernacular names current in various countries, but a Plant Index may be consulted for the English names. In chapter 1, headed introduction, the author begins by pointing out the pollination requirements of crops, and how, even with self fertile species, insect pollination can be of con- siderable advantage, while with plants such as European ae ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/2/T1-15/3/ #2 cucumber varieties, it is desirable to prevent pollination. The next heading is Types of Pollinating Insects, and it is pointed out that although many insects have been reported as visiting the flowers of crops, few, other than bumblebees and honey- bees are fitted by construction and/or behaviour pattern, to be of real importance to the grower. It is pointed out that while in natural conditions, plants do not occur together in large quantities and the wild pollinators are adequate, with the planting of crops, the wild species are generally insufficient and the introduction of honeybee colonies is necessary. Various cases from different parts of the world are cited, and it is also pointed out how growers may make their crops more attractive to pollinators. Mention is also made of wind pollination. Further headings are on determining the need for insect pollination, concentration of honeybee colonies needed and techniques for studying foraging behaviour. Part II (Chapters 2-7) is headed Insect Pollinators. Much information is given on the behaviour and use of honeybee colonies, copiously illustrated by photographs, drawings, diagrams and charts. Chapter 5 deals with using bumblebees as pollinators and gives interesting information on the encour- agement of such colonies by presenting artificial nesting sites. Chapter 6 deals with solitary bees such as Megachile and Osmia species, and finally, chapter 7 deals with pollination in enclosures and after bees have been dealt with, the use of blowflies for the pollination of onion flowers in bags placed over the flowers is mentioned. Part Ili (chapters 8-33) is headed Crops Needing Insect Pollination, and in this part the chapters are each devoted to a particular plant family or sub-family; details are given of pollination mechanisms illustrated by drawings, photographs, and charts. This part clarifies the reasons for the varied requirements of different plants. Pages 444-506 are occupied by the bibliography, arranged alphabetically under authors’ names. This is followed by an Author Index, an Animal Index, a Plant Index, and finally a General Index. So much information is gathered into this book that, as foreseen by the author in his preface, it will be of practical use to many sections of the agricultural and scientific com- munities in all parts of the world. The author’s industry in collecting this material together, the industry of his assistants, and the collaboration of the authors and publishers of that material in giving permission for its reproduction combine to make the book worthy of the highest commendation. The printing has been done in good clear type on good paper, and is well bound in boards to provide a serviceable volume for handling. It is copiously illustrated throughout, and beside its scientific use for the professionals, it can also provide much entertaining information for the ordinary naturalist, so is well worthy of inclusion in libraries other than scientific ones as well..—S.N.A.J. OBITUARY 73 Proceedings and Transactions of The British Entomological and Natural History Society, Vol. 3, Part 4 (November 1970), published by the Society. 10/-. This part begins with Part III (Sphingidae) of Dr MacNulty’s Life Histories of Some West African Lepidoptera (95-122). In his introduction the author points out that he has quoted other authors to supplement his own observations. A good account is given of the larvae of many species individ- ually, and at the end he gives a key to the larvae (presumed to be in the final instar), which should be of great interest. References to 18 works are quoted. Two plates illustrate five species of larva. The Proceedings follow, covering indoor meetings from 14th May to 11th June 1970. There is a book review by J. Mackechnie Jarvis on Dr Hickin’s African Note- book, and a note by F. D. Buck on Roeseliana roeselii (Hagen- beck) (Salt. Tettigonidae) in Essex.—S.N.A.J. A.E.S. Leaflet, 30: Rearing of Stick Insects. By various authors. 20 pp. 6/-. Giving practical information on the subject to the hobby breeder, with illustrations of breeding cages, anatomical details, and some of the species usually cultivated. There is a plate showing typical eggs of 15 genera with a key to these eggs. Another key is given for older nymphs and imagines, and 13 items for further reading are cited.—S.N.A.J. A.E.S. Leaflet, 33: Insect Light Traps by J. Heath. 15 pp. 6/-. Begins with an outline of the development of the use of light for collecting insects, after which various types of light source and their accompanying circuits are described and illustrated, and finally various forms of trap and their applica- tions are described. A list of references cites 12 titles; there is a list of components, and also a list of five firms supplying such equipment.—S.N.A.J. Obituary PERCEVAL JAMES BURTON (1888-1970) Yet another of our most ardent field collectors has left us with the passing of Jim Burton on 16th November 1970, at the age of 82. He spent nearly half of his active life in Suffolk and did a great deal to further the cause of Natural History in that county and above all to add a great deal to the knowledge of its lepidoptera. Born in 1888 at Wellington in Somerset, his early interest in butterflies started when he was at Dean Close School at Chelt- enham. He made dentistry his profession and after a few 74 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 15/2/71-15/3/71 years at Ilfracombe, he served in France during the 1914-18 War with the Army Dental Corps. It was on his demobilisation in 1920 that he first took up practice at Lowestoft which was to be his home for the next thirty-three years. His original col- lection having been destroyed during the war period, he started another with renewed ardour and became closely associated with the late Claude Morley who was then the leading entomo- logist in that part of the Country, and founder in 1929 of the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society which Jim Burton joined soon after its inception becoming one of its leading members and serving on the Council for many years. He wielded his net in almost every corner of Suffolk and among his major discoveries was the wide range of the White-mantled Wainscot (Nonagria neurica) in the local seaside marshes where with the writer he took, in 1950, the first Fenn’s Wainscot (Arenostola brevilinea) for the County, a species at one time thought to be confined to the Norfolk Broads. Every year he travelled to some part of the British Isles for collecting and more than once to the High- lands and the Lake District where he caught that elusive little geometer the barred Carpet (Perizoma taeniata) of which he bred up a fine series and was one of the few collectors to have done so. He was in fact a most successful breeder of lepidop- tera and in this connection used to tell of an amusing occur- rence when he was stationed in Dorset in the First War. As his dental duties were not very onerous, he set up a lathe and a number of breeding cages, well-stocked, in his special room in the camp. Luckily for him he was away from it when an on-the-spot inspection was made by the divisional commander who demanded that his sanctum be opened up. The general’s wrath knew no bounds when he saw the unorthodox contents and the unfortunate camp commandant had to bear the brunt of the outburst and make rather lame excuses. In 19535 owing to failing eyesight Jim Burton had to give up his work at Lowestoft. He migrated to Godshill on the western fringe of the New Forest where he carried on his collecting to good advantage for the next eight years, running a moth-trap regu- larly and taking in it most of the Forest specialities. Owing to indifferent health he moved in 1961 to Bodenham on the outskirts of Salisbury where he spent his last nine years, but he was forced to dispose of his fine collection of British Lepidoptera, some of which had been supplemented by pur- chases. Among these a superb albino Lysandra coridon realised a probable record price of £50 at auction, while another of his choice butterflies, an almost black Pieris napi went for nearly as high a figure. Of fine upstanding bearing he was a most delightful com- panion in the field who with his most kindly nature was always ready to give help and advice. He will indeed be mourned by all who knew him and deep sympathy goes out to his widow who helped him so much in his work and his hobby. C.G.M. de W. THE SPIDER’S WEB THEODORE H. SAVORY Mr Savory, who has spent a great deal of time observing spiders and their habits, discusses such points as whether a spider knows how to spin a web by instinct or by observation, is the spinning a clever individually planned process, or a semi- automatic one, etc. In many cases the author’s conclusions are supported by comparative tables of statistics which were compiled from his observations. Fully illustrated. 80p net FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 Bedford Court, London, WC2E 9JB PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY R. L. E. FORD This opens with a section on the perfect insect, describing in turn its catching, killing, relaxing, setting and mounting. The next section is devoted to breeding in its various stages—eggs, larva, caterpillar, chrysalis. There follows a number of sections on such important subjects as preserving larvae and the labelling and care of collections. Although it is primarily concerned with butterflies and moths, other insects are not neglected. Fully illustrated. £1.00 net R. N. BAXTER Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a Speciality 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England Mail Orders Only In your Replies please men‘ion ““The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS TEN DRAWER UNIT INSECT SECTIONS STORE BOXES INSECT DISPLAY CASES MICROSLIDE CABINETS Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. Il This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) SS FE I ES CONTENTS, Vol. 83, Parts II and III From the Alpes Maritimes to Albarracin (July-August 1970). C. G. M. de WORMS .. ur oS ft Bt ed a ay 29 Laspeyresia saltitans Westw. (Olethreutinae), the Mexican Jumping Bean Moth. JJOHN L. GREGORY .. ne an ae Ae 36 Hydraesias in the Coastal Areas of Western Ireland. H. C. HUGGINS 37 Two ‘rediscoveries’ made in 1970. DAVID AGASSIZ .. te S 39 Collecting Notes, 1970. R. G. CHATELAIN and D. O'KEEFFE .. 40 British Coleoptera: Corrections and Supplementary Notes, including the addition of Axinotarsus marginalis Lep. (Melyridae) to our list. A. A. ALLEN .. ys ve ie ae iw a 46 Gortyna boreli Pierret (ssp. lunata Freyer?): a new British Moth. J. B. FISHER rs 2. a - w + * a 51 Butterflies from South Bohemia. OTAKAR KUDRNA. (Concluded from Vol. 82, p. 330) .. af on a ae Ane be 53 Notes and Observations: A possible case of Dipterous Ectoparasites Causing the Death of Nestling House Martins. J. F. BURTON a a 69 An Unusual Late Brood of Nepticula anomalella Goeze .. 69 An Undetermined Leaf-mine on Sallow. A. M. EMMET .. 70 A Late Colias crocea Foure. J. L. GREGORY .. fad tA 70 Current Literature a8 a ae ¥: Ae: 23 56 Ate 71 Obituary: Perceval James Burton .. ne me i a2 Et 73 Butterflies and Moths of Kent, III. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .. (63) eo ti ey, 4 : <«@ Santen Q 8) ets io , - Gi yg ur athe Mi bye 177 A201 Kh Tov BTReTHNOO 7 CT aE | ie MORE tend vl ol) ospemed! fe ol, een wwe inneor"t 1 ar a fe PM ; Waiquiil nosixoM oft (oontinesilOy wits W au, Oneal Hoon, Ar . -» YODER. DVO Me lta Me Eh 9 a =: ik eMiloQuUH 3O.H inet niwseW to dpovA fedeeotd ace ne aalemeibyil : J net) S oa > Cage 7 P 4 a: z NIGBA Aaah QIVAC .Ovel at shesa ‘Di vaOdaeO Boag a) > ig 0s J aA HO a WIATITARS"O 2° OTee | unibwion! .<.etoyi .vialaasmlggue ben anomoe4dD ~ wrastoalegd ‘i ‘ of feabiryisMy ut sliniiqgtney serbtowholy wy eotibha 7 Pap. e. . WAIA (AA ded a Mew Maina wor 6 (Ciguay Abuse Ape) dae ae! en ie ; AINA } babiiomD) AMUMGUA HABATO “aioe hoe erry | hn a i Na olin mei itso gh gnlepaD sotleeragolot sporelyitt to spo oldlasog A HOTA 7.L .2aieM sauoht gettiest Io : 490) ni Ponwelwnn irae, wh Baia inant aA TEMMS OM A _.walted inp. uti -Yeat boniqrisiobaly A - faQpHaS re a 3 ee ecovo sl stad hy = t 2 eta, i) —ituielt> Baw. “ rt oe Fo) Al ep i | 7 oe > aj rrr ae FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would tike to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society a ST THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOCISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. Bilsington, Ashford, Kent, England Telephone: Ham Street 513 Founded in 1894 we now supply Butterflies, Moths and other Insects, living, unmounted (papered) and set, to clients all over the world. Our suppliers come from almost 60 different countries. We have a fine range of equipment for collecting, rearing and storage, books, charts, gifts and displays. Why not visit us, please make an appointment. Phone or write for details and catalogue. Please mention the Entomologist’s Record. THE LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macro-Lepidoptera) Separates of the collected instalments which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are now available on application to: The Editor of The Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds 2 Price 10/- plus 4d postage EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa, Madagascar and other countries, also Europe. Sometimes livestock. List on request by sending International Postal Coupon.—Robert Keiser, Frederick Van Eeden Plein 3, B-2050 Antwerp, Belgium. SEITZ Bombyces (all regions). — Wanted good second-hand bound volumes, Text and Plates. Full details including price asked to The Butterfly Centre, “Plummer”, Tenterden, Kent. Urgently Wanted.—SEITZ Vols. 1 and 2 with all supplements; Vols. 5, 6, 9, 10, 13 and 14, either bound or unbound.—Reply Box No. 360, The Entomologist’s Record, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire. Wanted to Purchase.—Large or small collections of Tropical Butterflies. —Write to C. P. Sturgess-Lief, Gymindge Brook Cottage, Sellinge, Nr. Ashford, Kent. For Sale-—Mahogany 36-Drawer Cabinet, drawers 17” X17” newly corked, £60.—R. G. Chatelain, 36 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. Tel. 20339. Museum of Entomological Materials of Historic Interest—I have formed a small museum of entomological materials of historic interest, including items of early collecting equipment, photographs and curiosities. Among the objects that I particularly desire to locate are examples of the clap net, umbrella net, brass chloroform bottle, old oil and acetylene collecting lamps (not bicycle or pressure lamps), and old photos of collectors and/or their entomological apparatus. If anyone has any such items they think might be of interest, I should be glad if they would kindly communicate with me.—J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. Seek persons currently rearing Abraxas grossulariata please correspond.— Vinton Thompson Botany Building, University of Chicago, Chicago, II1., U.S.A. 60637. Isle of Wight.—Furnished Bungalow overlooking Sandown Bay, three bed- rooms (sleep six), convenient for several good collecting areas. Would exchange for similar accommodation. Short periods Europe/UK or may possibly rent.—Gerald Hanrahan, 20 Riverpark Drive, Marlow, Bucking- hamshire, England. THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WORLD We are pleased to offer an unparalleled service to the collector, both specialist and beginner. Our huge stocks of world lepidoptera contain many great rarities as well as the better-known species. We have contacts in all parts of the world and new material arrives daily. We may have just the specimen you are looking for among the large and important collections we have purchased. If you are a collector of the butterflies of the world you just cannot afford to miss our monthly published lists. 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All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. LS A ES SS SR RS SS ET ES ST T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND NTA 'OL.83 Second part No. 3 March and No.4 April March 16th to 15th April, 1971 ere SFIS IO8 E yt , THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. J. M. CHALMERS-Houngr, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. CKATHSONTa~ : JUN 211971 LIBRARIES ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE list JANUARY :— GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. De a .. 35/- Post Free OTHER COUNTRIES .. a3 a i ie re .. 40/- Post Free Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent PES ESP SSOP SS ST GFAP SAT SSA PSD lS SED ESESEBCVESTSwB QSIAIGS) EVES) GS ash GS? HOSE ESIC) Le GSI) SIEGEL ESIGN ESSE OSE BENG TIGL OLE OS L SUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 7/6 (374p,) NATURAL HISTORY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT Edited by Canon G. A. K. HERVEY and J. A.G. BARNES For a century and a half those who have loved wild country have judged the Lake District supreme in England and an increasing number of visitors come from all over the world to enjoy its beauty. For the first time, with the publication of the Natural History of the Lake District a survey of this lovely area has been attempted in depth. The variety of its landscape, which includes sea coast and sand dune, moorland, bog and fell, streams and raging tor- rents as well as the more well-known mountains and lakes, provides an unusual diversity of habitats for plants and animals — habitats moreover that because of the difficult terrain have so far suffered less from the activities of man than have most parts of the country. \ In this book a team of naturalists who know both area and subject intimately have shared their knowledge of the richness and variety of the plants, insects, fish, birds, mammals and geology of these habitats and have provided a fascinating book for the general. reader and the naturalist alike that will do much to enhance their pleasure in and knowledge of the Lake District. Size 222 x 152 mm, 244 pp. 32 pp plates including 8 pp in colour, 4 pp maps. There are line drawings in the text. £3.00 net. THE LAKES W. HEATON COOPER The author reveals his personal delight as a painter in his native country- side, as well as a great deal of information about the seventeen English Lakes never before brought together. The unusual colour illustrations capture the beauty and serenity of the Lakes, and the unique individual character of each one Size 254 x 190 mm, 250 pp, 16 colour plates. £3.50 net. WARNE 1-4 Bedford Court, London, WC2E 9JB 79 Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lep.) By Lieut.-Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A., F.R.E.S. The notes which follow deal, as the title declares, with only some of our species of Nepticulidae: they do not attempt to cover the family exhaustively. Some common species are omitted because I have nothing constructive to say about them; others, which are more local, | have not yet encountered. The notes follow no set pattern. In some cases I have tried to widen our knowledge of biological history; in others, to record new localities; with others, to help entomologists to differenti- ate the mines. In short, I have included a miscellany of in- formation, new or forgotten, which has come to my notice, in connection with the most neglected family of the British lepidoptera. I am filling the gaps, not writing a text-book. The study of the Nepticulidae is in one respect a wider and richer pursuit than that of most other lepidoptera, for it in- volves a secondary science, that of minology. If you say “Iris” to me, I see a handsome butterfly in my mind’s eye; but if you say “Weaveri’, I see, not a moth, but a leaf of Vaccinium vitis-idaea containing a mine and a cocoon. So the notes which follow deal more with the mines than the moths. Yet both must be studied together. New species have been erected on the evidence of the mines alone and have proved to be chimaeras, for there are some members of the family which are variable in the formation of their mines. In other cases, a small difference in the mine does indeed indicate a different species. So, as I say, the mine and the moth are a partnership which must be considered together, if mistakes are to be avoided. It follows that both must be collected together, and a herbarium of pressed leaves in which there are mines is just as important as, and far more interesting than, a cabinet drawer of set specimens. The late Professor Hering did a great deal to promote the study of minology. He emphasised the importance of sharing information if progress is to be made. He writes: “Once again it should be emphasised that as many entomologists as pos- sible should get together, and where convenient work in groups; it then becomes possible to exchange experience, and show each other species of mines which have been identified, so that the experience of one becomes available to the others and in this way the unnecessary and frequently difficult breed- ing of known species can be avoided. Reciprocal exchange of information on breeding experiences of every kind will facilitate everyone’s work and the amount of new information discovered will in this way be greatly extended. Assistance with each other’s determination problems will eliminate the necessity for duplicating breeding of the same insect, and the pleasure attendant on every fresh discovery will in its turn help to increase interest in minology” (Hering, 1951, p. 330). So in writing these notes I am hoping that others will come 76 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 forward to supplement and correct what I have written, and will continue where I have left off. Some people quite wrongly regard me as an expert in the Nepticulidae merely because I am one of the few people in this country who studies them; a fourth-former is a scholar among Hottentots. A question I am repeatedly asked is: “Are we to call them Stigmellidae or Nepticulidae, or, if some are one and some the other, what is the difference?” Stigmella was coined by Schranck in 1802 and Nepticula by Heyden in 1843; so Stigmella has priority. When Beirne (1945) made a revision based on the structure of the genitalia, he used the name Stigmellidae for the family as a whole, but retained Nepticula for one of the genera into which he divided it. Beirne’s revision does not appear to have been entirely accepted on the continent, but it was used by Heslop (1964) except that he gave the family name as Nepticulidae. The forthcoming edition of Kloet & Hincks’s check-list follows Heslop in this respect. That work, which has not been finalised at the time I am writing, classifies the British members of the super-family as follows :— NEPTICULOIDEA NEPTICULIDAE (=STIGMELLIDAE) Stigmella Schranck (about 36 species) Nepticula Heyden (about 36 species) Dechtiria Beirne (15 species) Fomoria Beirne (2 species) Levarchama Beirne (2 species) Fedalmia Beirne (1 species) Etainia Beirne (4 species) Trifurcula Zeller (3 species) Bohemannia Stainton (=Scoliaula Meyrick) (1 species) OPOSTEGIDAE Opostega Zeller (4 species) TISCHERIIDAE Tischeria Zeller (5 species) Kloet & Hincks is to be our bible as far as nomenclature is concerned, and therefore, with that work, we should say Nepticulidae: but we must bear in mind that our continental friends do not talk quite the same language. I do not know why the junior name has been adopted: it may well be on the grounds of usage, since the abbreviation ‘“nep” is a familiar part of the vocabulary of microlepidopterists, and the choice will be popular. These notes deal with only the first seven of the genera given above, in other words with the species embraced by NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE ae Nepticula in Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949). A scientific classification based on anatomical affinities is one thing, but for the practical study of mining insects in the field a more convenient grouping is according to the foodplant. This arrangement (initiated, in the literature I have read, by Professor Waters (1924)) is followed by continental writers and I am happy to fall into line. It also makes it easy to leave certain foodplants (e.g., beech) for possible future treatment. Readers may notice that I speak of cocoons and not pupae. The reason is that I do not know whether the insect inside the cocoon is overwintering as a larva or a pupa. If one wishes, one can have a look. Slight pressure with fine forceps on the sides of the broader end of the sweet-corn-shaped cocoon will cause it to open its mouth like a snapdragon, and one can peep inside. But your nep is a modest insect, and it would sooner die than stomach such an intrusion on its privacy. I shall conclude this introduction by stressing once again that I am not an expert and have not been studying the Nepticulidae for long. Perhaps it would have been wiser for me to have kept my mouth shut for the time being, for I am bound to have made mistakes. But if I have done so and they are corrected by other writers, a useful purpose will have been served. The notes which follow reveal many gaps and un- certainties in our knowledge of this family, which offers one of the richest fields to the entomological explorer. Too many people are dissuaded from tackling the neps because they are afraid to handle such tiny insects, but it is in resolving the problems of entomology that its fascination lies. The physical difficulty of setting the Nepticulidae will be found to be far less formidable than the imagination painted it, while the intellec- tual difficulties involved in their study offer an exciting challenge. ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS L. (Sycamore) Mr S. Wakely (1962) recorded mines of two types in the leaves of sycamore at Mickleham, Surrey. He had submitted them to the late Mr Carolsfeld-Krausé of Denmark, who pro- nounced that those with the thicker excremental line of dis- persed frass were made by Nepticula speciosa Frey, while those with the very narrow continuous line of frass were N. pseudoplatanella Skala, a species new to Britain. Wakely bred parasites, but no moths. Since then I have visited Mickleham on three or four occasions, always with Mr Wakely, and have found a good many mines of both types, both not uncommonly occurring in the same leaf. Our timing has been bad and few of our mines have been tenanted, but from those that were I have reared two specimens of speciosa. It has always seemed odd that two such local species should occur together and I have long suspected that both forms of mine were made by the same insect. These suspicions are confirmed by Borkowski (1969) who has bred from both types of mine and found no 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 difference in the imagines. Pseudoplatanella Skala becomes a synonym of speciosa Frey. The species appears to be distinctly uncommon. Apart from Lyndhurst, Hants, where it was first discovered, Mickleham and Blackheath (Wakely, loc. cit.), the only locality I know is High Halstow in Kent, where Mr Wakely showed me a mine during a field meeting held in October 1968. Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1948) make speciosa univoltine, with a larval season from August to October: Hering (1957) and Borkowski regard it as bivoltine with larvae in June as well as the autumn. It may, of course, have one generation in England and two on the continent, but the number of vacated mines I found on the 29th July 1970, when I also took an imago on a trunk, suggests that we have two generations too. On the day in question, I also found four tenanted mines (two of each type), whose larvae duly spun up; these could have been late examples of the first of early members of the second brood. No imagines have yet resulted, but their emer- gence next spring is still a possibility. On the 9th July I also took a specimen of Eiainia decentella H.-S., which was resting on the same trunk as the imago of speciosa. This species was introduced as new to Britain by Robert Adkin (1933) and has rarely been recorded since that date. AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA L. (Agrimony) Nepticula nitens Fologne (1862) (Lep. Nepticulidae)—a species new to Britain Our standard text-books record three species of Nepticula feeding on Eupatoria agrimonia. These are N. aeneofasciella H.-S., a relatively common species which makes a fine gallery leading abruptly to a blotch, Dechtiria agrimoniae Frey, which makes a broad gallery gradually widening into a blotch in which the larva pupates, and N. fragariella Heyd., which makes a long, irregular gallery. Until recently I had attributed all gallery mines to this third species, but when I found some mines on agrimony, at Durfold, in Surrey, during a field meet- ing held there on the 9th of November 1970, I was at once struck by their dissimiliarity from the other gallery mines on this foodplant which I had found in north Essex and preserved in my herbarium. Investigation showed that it was the Dur- fold mines which were fragaviella Heyd. (or aurella Fab.—see below), while those I had previously encountered belonged to Nepticula nitens Fologne, a species hitherto not recorded from Britain in our own literature. I therefore sent examples of each type of mine to Dr Joseph Klimesch in Austria for his opinion, and he was kind enough to confirm my determination. In his letter, however, he added the following proviso: “By the way, the imagines of fragariella- dulcella-aurella-nitens are all very similar to each other. I could not find any difference in the male copulatory apparatus. NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE 79 Perhaps there may be differences in the females but I had no chance to examine these.” The uncertainty regarding the status of these ‘“‘species”’ is of long standing and is still far from being resolved. It there- fore seems the best course to record nitens as a British species while at the same time making it clear that it may, in due course, be degraded to synonymy. Fologne (1862) describes nitens as smaller than aurella. The basal portion of the wing is brilliant bronze with green reflections. The fascia beyond the middle of the forewing is brilliant yellowish silver, being less golden than that of aurella, and is wider on the dorsum than on the costa. A band preceding the fascia and the apical area beyond it are deep purple, being less bluish than these areas in aurella; furthermore, the transition from the coppery basal area to the purple outer area is abrupt; the underside of the wings is darker than in aurella. Tutt (1899, p. 166) mentions nitens as a species feeding on agrimony which has been recorded on the continent but not in Britain. It therefore came as a surprise to find that Hering (1957, p. 42) includes Great Britain in his account of the dis- tribution of nitens. I at once suspected that Waters was his source of information and wondered whether I would find mines furnished by him in the Hering herbarium. In this I was disappointed, but I was interested to see that he had sent Hering mines of aeneofasciella from the Oxford district. Nevertheless, I think my hunch was correct, since in a paper from which Hering quotes in another context, Waters wrote (1924, p. 100), “Yellow larvae of the aurella type, inhabiting long slender galleries, are fairly common in this district [Oxford] on Agrimonia. The mines usually differ from those of aurella in having a much narrower and more compact excremental line, with wide empty margins. The imagines come close to aurella, but the ground-colour is greenish-golden (not coppery-golden or purplish-golden) and the colour of the head varies from orange to black. There is little doubt that this is a distinct species, and I refer it to N. fragariella Hein. I feel convinced, however, that fragariella sometimes feeds on bramble, and aurella probably on agrimonia. I have found a few mines with a slender excremental line on bramble, and have bred from them imagines with a greenish-golden ground- colour, and one with a black head. Conversely, I have bred specimens with a coppery-golden ground colour from Agrimonia. These cases, though apparently exceptional, in- dicate that the food-plant is not an infallible guide to the species’’. Here we see Waters making the same mistake as I had done, and jumping to the conclusion that the gallery mines which he had found in agrimony were those of fragariella. The mines with the narrow exremental line, which he describes so clearly, are, in fact, those of nitens: all I would add to his 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 Nepticula nitens Fologne 8] NOTES ON SOME BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE S.N.A.Y- 2H -Ri1.I97O- Nepticula fragariella Heydn 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 description is that there is a common tendency for the early mine of nitens to follow the margin of the leaf. The reader will notice that both Waters and Fologne describe the ground- colour of the moth in very similar terms. I felt it essential that I should visit the Hope Department of Entomology at Oxford to see Waters’s specimens, and at the same time I took the opportunity to study the mines in his herbarium. Both the moths and the mines are all placed over the label “aurella’, though a question mark is added on one of the pages of mines. The food-plants are clearly indicated on the labels under the moths, but there is no way of linking particular specimens with particular mines. The mines are mainly of the nitens type, but among them there are some with a broader band of dispersed frass: I shall discuss the identity of these in due course. The imagines from Agrimonia were just as Waters described them, but a further striking character was their markedly smaller size than that of the specimens of aurella bred from Rubus—another point of agreement with Fologne’s description. In case I was regarding them with a biased eye, I invited Mr E. Taylor of the Hope Department to pass judgment on the relative sizes, and he at once declared emphatically that the specimens from agrimony were smaller. I had no certain means of picking out the specimens bred from bramble which came from mines with a narrow excremental line, but what Waters had to say about the coloration of the imago enabled me to select several likely candidates. Hering states that nitens is bivoltine, the larvae appearing in June and again in August to September. The scanty evidence at present available suggests that these dates apply equally to nitens in this country. The other type of gallery mine is longer and broader and the excremental line is wider, with the frass tending to be dispersed in separated grains. Hering states that these are mines of aurella, and adds that the larvae may be found to be still feeding in the winter. Some of the mines I found at Dur- fold in the second week of November contained still active larvae which have since spun up. This winter feeding is, of course, characteristic of aurella on the evergreen bramble. Hering (1957, p. 445) recognises fragariella as a distinct species, but confines it for food-plant to Fragaria vesca. Waters, it appears, is in agreement with Hering in identifying these agrimony mines as aurella, and on the present evidence I think our best course is to fall in line with these authorities. To sum up, there are two types of gallery mine on Agri- monia occurring at different times in the year and providing imagines which show constant marks of difference; the geni- talia, however, appear to be identical. The moth from the smaller mine with the narrow line of excrement is Nepticula nitens Fologne, which is, in my opinion, a good species. The moth from the larger mine with dispersed frass is Nepticula aurella Fabricius. The record of Nepticula fragariella Heyden PAPILIO CINYRAS RIDENS FASSL 83 feeding in agrimony is probably an error. I am grateful to Mr S. N. A. Jacobs for the drawings of the mines of nitens and aurella (or fragariella), executed with his usual skill; and to Professor C. G. Varley for permission to study Water’s specimens, mines and diaries preserved in the Hope Department of the University Museum at Oxford. (To be continued) Papilio cinyras ridens Fassl: a new status (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) By JoHn H. MASTERS (P.O. Box 7511, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.) Papilio cinyras ab. ridens Fass] (1915) was described from a single male taken at Rio Songo, Bolivia, in March of 1913. Fass] called it a striking aberration and the only example in over 1000 Papilio cinyras that he had examined. While the original description is brief, the accompanying colour plate is excellent and ridens is readily recognised. Apparently the other speci- ments examined by Fassl were from Peru, for his form ridens is typical of specimens of cinyras from eastern Bolivia, which now appear to constitute a valid geographical subspecies. Although it has been ignored in the literature since the original description, ridens is the earliest available name for ihe Bolivian subspecies of Papilio cinyras and I am hereby elevat- ing it to subspecific rank. Papilio cinyras Menetries has long been considered con- specific with Papilio thoas Linnaeus, after they were united by Rothschild and Jordan (1906). Rothschild and Jordan were the first to use the male genitalia as a taxonomic criterion for the “Papilio thoas” group of swallowtails; a criterion which very conveniently separated Papilio cresphontes Cramer, Papilio homothoas Rothschild & Jordan, and Papilio paeon Boisduval from the others whom they united under Papilio thoas. Field data, which includes the sympatric occurrence of Papilio thoas and Papilio cinyras at several localities, leads me to believe that they are distinct species. I have received a fairly large number of “Papilio thoas” from Bolivia, from Franz Steinbach of Cochabamba, over the past ten years. Steinbach had tentatively divided these into three ostensibly sympatric subspecies of Papilio thoas: brasil- iensis Rothschild & Jordan, thoantiades Burmeister and cimyras. A careful examination of long series has shown me that there is no apparent intergradation or hybridization between the three forms, nor are they seasonal or brood forms. Their external appearance is very close, as is that of a half dozen closely related species, and I am unable to detect dis- tinctions in the male genitalia, however I conclude that three species are involved. Steinbach’s “cinyras” is a large-wide- banded form which agrees perfectly with Fassl’s figure of 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 ridens, it is undoubtedly related to cinyras and specifically distinct from Steinbach’s “thoantiades”, a smaller narrow- banded form, very close in appearance to thoantiades, which I ally with Papilio thoas. The third form, Steinbach’s “brasiliensis”, appears to be a complete undistinct and possibly undescribed species; it has longer and narrower wings than the others and is quite distinct from Papilio cinyras brasiliensis. This ‘mix’ of populations in eastern Bolivia has led most authors to dismiss the area as a blend zone. The ranges of Papilio cinyras brasiliensis and Papilio thoas thoantiades also overlap in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. Rothschild and Jordan note the apparent overlap in these regions and give a rather unsatisfactory explanation by the statement: ‘It is probable that P. thoas is in these dis- tricts a wanderer like the Nearctic P. cresphontes, which would explain the absence of a strict line of separation between the Brazilian and Argentinian forms’’. Papilio thoas and Papilio cinyras may be distinguished by the following characteristics: 1. Size. Papilio cinyras is considerably larger, length of fore- wing, as measured from tip to base, averages 70 mm. in males from Bolivia and specimens from Peru or Brazil are even larger. Papilio thoas from Bolivia, have an average fore-wing length of about 60 mm. in males, and Bolivian examples seem to average slightly larger than P. thoas from other areas including Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and Mexico. 2. Yellow bands on fore-wings. These bands are typically much wider and solider in Papilio cinyras than in Papilio thoas. However, they are intermediate in width in Papilio cinyras brasiliensis. 35. A few other characteristics which I have used for Bolivian specimens, and which may or may not apply to other populations include: Ground colour of wings, which is slightly more ochraceous in thoas and a cleaner brighter yellow in cinyras. The length of the tails which averages 25 mm. for males of cinyras and 20 mm. for males of thoas. The red-brown colouration at the base of cells M, and M, on the ventral hind-wing are much larger and more pro- nounced in thoas than in cinyras. There are a number of characteristics that can be utilized for separating the three subspecies of Papilio cinyras, however the maculation of the dorsal fore-wing (figure 1) seems most reliable and convenient to use. The characteristics for distin- guishing the subspecies of Papilio cinyras by the dorsal fore- wing are: (A) Papilio cinyras ridens. Yellow band relatively wide; Four, or sometimes three, submarginal spots present; Apical spot relatively large; Spot in cell M,, slightly indented towards costal margin and small spots in Sc, usually present. PAPILIO CINYRAS RIDENS FASSL 85 (B) Papilio cinyras cinyras. Yellow band relatively wide; Sub- marginal spots never present; Apical spot quite variable in size; Spot in cell M,, whole and never indented on costal margin; Small cell spot nearly always present. (C) Papilio cinyras brasiliensis. Yellow band comparatively narrow; Four,or sometimes three, submarginal spots always present; Apical spot, usually large and triangular shaped; Spot in cell M,, always deeply indented on costal margin; Cell spot usually absent or, if not, very small. Figure 1. Representations of dorsal forewings to illustrate distinctions between subspecies of Papilio cinyras Menetries. (A) P. cinyras ridens, Beunavista, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. (B) P. cinyras cinyras, Huallaga Central, Huanuco, Peru. (C) P. cinyras brasiliensis, Belem, Para, Brazil. (D) P. thoas thoantiades, Beunavista, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Actual sizes are shown. A revision of Papilio thoas as proposed by Rothschild and Jordan (1906) seems in order and I propose the following: 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 Papilio thoas Linnaeus a. t. oviedo Gundlach Cuba b. t. melonius Rothschild & Jordan Jamaica c. t. autocles Rothschild & Jordan Mexico d. t. nealces Rothschild & Jordan C. America to Trinidad e. t. thoas Linnaeus Orinoco and _ lower Amazon f. t. thoantiades Burmeister Bolivia and Brazil to Argentina Papilio cinyras Menetries a. c. cinyras Menetries Peru b. c. ridens Fassl Eastern Bolivia c. c. brasiliensis Rothschild & Jordan Brazil and southward References Fassl, A. H., 1915. Neue Schmetterlingsformen aus Sud-Amerika Papilioniden. Deutsche Entom. Zeitschrift Iris, 29: 186-189. Rothschild, W. and K. Jordan, 1906. A revision of the American Papilios. Novitates Zoologica, 13: 27-752. Proclossiana eunomia Esperin Andorra By J. V. Dactige, M.D. The range of this northern insect is well known to extend into Central Europe, and Higgins and Riley (1970) mention its occurrence in widely scattered colonies in the Vosges and the Pyrenees in France as well as in Belgium, Germany, Czech- slovakia, Austria and Bulgaria. In the Pyrenees it appears to have been recorded only in the vicinity of Porté Puymorans, the local race being referred to by both Bretherton and Manley and Alicard as ssp. cere- tanensis Deslandes. I now wish to report the finding of a colony in Andorra about 25-30 km. East of the locality at Porté Puymorans and separated from it by a formidable mountain barrier. The butterflies were seen flying on the 28th June 1970 in company with C. selene Schiff. and H. virgaurae L. in a damp and flowery meadow on the South slope of the Pyrenees. Only males were seen. Comparison of a short series with specimens taken at Porté Puymorans on the 29th June did not show any major differences between the two colonies. REFERENCES Bretherton, R. F. 1966. A Distribution List of the Butterflies (Rhopalo- cera) of Western and Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 17, (Part 1): 1-94. Higgins, L. G., and Riley, N. D. 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. Manley, W. B. L., and Allcard, H. G. 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of Spain. Classey, Hampton, England. 10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, London, S.W.19. TEMPORAL SUB-SPECIATION IN MANIOLA JURTINA 87 The possible existence of temporal Sub-speciation in Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep., Satyridae) By GrorGe THomsoN, F.R.E.S. It is generally held that the formation of races is dependent upon the isolation of populations from each other, thus creat- ing a protected gene pool, each acquiring particular features suited to its own environmental conditions. The geographical isolate, however, may be linked to other races of the species by a cline in which the two extremes have acquired recognis- ably distinct characteristics, the intervening populations con- sisting of either a gradual change from one form to the other, isolated populations consisting of one or other of the extremes (indicating distinct sub-speciation) or, more commonly, a mix- ture of the two. The factors causing such isolation have been observed to be geographical, in butterflies at least, and it is not surprising that this has been the most frequently observed. It is a comparatively simple matter to find out whether or not two or more populations are isolated from each other; nor does it take a zoologist to tell if the ‘extremities’ of the range of a widespread species differ in any marked way. Much more difficult to detect, however, are cases of sympatric evolution— where two populations in breeding condition within the ‘cruis- ing range’ of each other largely keep characters peculiar to itself. The problems of detecting this phenomenon, which is known in plants, are so great that it was 1957 before it was detected in the Meadow Brown Butterfly (see Ford, 1964). Clearly sympatric evolution could well be awaiting discovery in many species of Lepidoptera and other insects, but it is likely, I surmise, that it is very uncommon, if not rare, in zoology. Temporal sub-species have been the domain of the palae- ontologist, but recently I have found a case which suggests that isolation of this nature exists in Maniola jurtina. In a previous paper (Thomson, 1969) mention has already been made of voltinism in this Satyrid, a subject to which Verity (1953) and others have contributed. The facts, as we have them, are that jurtina has in some parts of its range an ex- ceptionally long emergence and flight period—possibly seven months in some parts of the Mediterranean region. In spite of this the butterfly is univoltine and no case is known where breeding under various conditions has produced a second brood. This is probably partly explained by the fact that the larvae feed at very different rates. What is no so well known is that in many regions, mainly in the south of Europe (but, as we shall see, not exclusively so), the butterfly emerges in late spring or early summer, almost disappears for a few weeks at the height of the summer and then reappears. This second emergence is not simply the earlier specimens appear- ing again, but a quite fresh emergence of individuals of both sexes. 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 I collected material evidence of this during my two visits to France—one in 1968 and the other in 1970—and through the help of several friends who went out of their way to collect for me a series of jurtina in the south of that country and Spain. In the last week of June 1968 I collected in several parts of Vaucluse, Var, Alps Maritimes and the Basses Alps. Without exception, in these departments I had no trouble in finding a locality in which jurtina was common and I collected a series from several localities. In all cases, with the excep- tion of the Esterol, both the males and the females were fresh, showing little sign of wear and tear. I collected such a series at Fountain de Vaucluse, St Valier and Digne. This year, but this time in the third week of July, I looked for the Butterfly at Fountain and found none, at St Valier with great difficulty I was able to get twelve and at Digne two days’ hunting pro- duced only four individuals. Although I had no previous ex- perience to compare other localities with those of two years before, the difference between the number of jurtina in the two years in south-east France could be described as nothing less than considerable. In spite of this I received a number of fresh jurtina from Provence taken in August 1970. Clearly the butterfly had re-appeared after we had left. Remarkable these facts may be in a species which has been shown, by other criteria, to be univoltine. The presence of a ‘double emergence’ in British jurtina would be surprising in the extreme—but this is, in fact, what has been found by Mr T. D. Fearnehaugh. In 1966 he wrote to me to say, ‘ ... Last year an unusual event occurred in that there was a definite second brood. . . . last year (1965) the butterfly was about from late June to mid-September as usual, then on October 16th I was surprised to find a freshly emerged brood in good numbers. .. .’ Through Mr Fearnehaugh I have been able to gather together the following information concerning a population of jurtina on the Isle of Wight. For reasons which should be obvious, | would prefer not to disclose the actual location of this insect’s haunt. There exists on the Isle of Wight a population of jurtina which every year emerges towards the end of June or beginning of July (a little later than other localities on the island) with a flight period lasting until the beginning or middle of October depending upon the season. During this period there may or may not be a reduction in numbers at the end of August or the beginning of September about which time fresh males and females emerge in varying numbers. From what I can gather, the locality is, to all intents and pur- poses, similar to other localities on the island, yet in these the species emerges in the middle of June and is well over by early September by which time any stragglers are well worn. The situation throughout the United Kingdom is the same, although the insect comes out a little later in the TEMPORAL SUB-SPECIATION IN MANIOLA JURTINA 89 north, and I know of very few instances when jurtina was still flying in September. In the Isles of Scilly I have collected cassiteridum Graves fairly fresh in the second week of Sep- tember. It is possible that the emergence period is extended there as they are still flying in good numbers when the butter- fly has disappeared from the Cornish mainland. The long and double flight period of this Isle of Wight population is therefore similar to that know in the south of Europe, in Sicily, Malta and possibly elsewhere. Had it been that the actual flight times were the only way in which these late individuals differed from the situation throughout most of its range, I would probably not have in- vestigated the situation much further, accepting the fact that under certain conditions, probably environmentally con- trolled, some jurtina undergo a period of aestivation in the late larval or pupal stage emerging fresh in late summer. However, Mr Fearnehaugh very kindly sent me a series of seventeen specimens taken on the 18th September 1970 (six males and eleven females) all but two in very fresh condition, and two females taken on the 9th October of the previous year, once again fairly fresh. It was immediately apparent that they differed markedly from the long series I have from the island taken in June, July and August over a period of two years. They were consistently smaller than the Isle of Wight series, the males being only 44.2 mm and the females a mere 48.8 mm. This compares with the Isle of Wight averages of 49.9 mm and 55.3 mm—a difference in each sex of about 5 mm. The markings, too, were considerably modified. In both sexes the fulvous was more extensive, much more in the male with several specimens having it spread towards the central area in a fashion typical of the Irish iernes Graves. The fulvous of the female while being more extensive was distinctive, the width of the band being narrower, as in cassiteridum, and with a clear fulvous ‘point’ on the hindwings. Also in both sexes, the underside was considerably darker than most insularis Thomson and more striate, often approach- ing a greenish-grey, or greyish-brown but none with the clear yellow light band so frequent on the island in the female. Probably the most remarkable feature of the butterflies was the very small apical eyespot in the female which, further- more, had the outer margins of the forewings rather more concave. I then compared early (May and June) and late (August and September) jurtina from southern Europe to see if any parallel could be found to what exists on the Isle of Wight. By now, I was not surprised to find that these late jurtina also were, in general, smaller with the underside markings darker and more striate, they had the apical eyespot smaller and the fulvous, though more extensive, narrower. I should point out, however, that the occurrence of fresh jurtina in late August and September, even in the south of Europe, is not 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 common but I have evidence of it in the Basses Alps, Vauc- luse, Tarn and one or two spots in the north of Spain, although this is complicated by the fact that there is a very fluid situation in which there is no clear-cut line between a rather long emergence period and the cases in which an actual double emergence has taken place. How then can we explain the fact that, although breeding experiments have been unable to show jurtina to be bivoltine (and have almost proved it not to be), field observations and the presence of the different phenotypes in some jurtina populations give all the indications that this is, at least very occasionally, the case? I can find no evidence to support the suggestion that there exists sibling species with slightly different emergence times. The genitalia of the two forms are identical. I can offer only one explanation—that in these double-emergence jurtina we are seeing the very early stages in the formation of a temporal sub-species, not the temporal sub-species of the palaeontologist, but one in which a certain degree of reproductive isolation has been created by a pro- longation of the flight period to such an extent that these individuals which emerge early are effectively isolated from these that emerge much later. It would be difficult, I must admit, to prove such a hypothesis, but in the European butter- flies alone there are cases where this could well have already occurred. Euphydryas aurinea debilis Oberthur, for instance, emerges when the other aurinea races are over, or almost so. Furthermore, in several genera in which most of the species emerge at approximately the same time, there is an odd species which flies much earlier or later than the others. The Satyrid, Erebia serotina Descimon and de Lesse is found in September when most of the other species of the genus are over. Perhaps it has become isolated in time from another (possibly extinct) closely related species. Nor is it surprising that we find such examples in genera of single brooded species as this type of evolution might well be their alternative to bivoltinism. The fact that entomologists have not recognised the differ- ences between the early and late jurtina has, no doubt, hindered the acquisition of knowledge of the pattern of races in southern Europe, not by confusing similar races, but by obscuring real differences between them. It would be extremely interesting to determine how widespread is the occurrence of late jurtina emergences in central and northern Europe, including the British Isles, to try to establish some pattern which would possibly give us further information about the nature of this interesting phenomenon. Backcroft, Dunblane, Perthshire. 25.i.1971. REFERENCES Ford, E. B. 1964. Ecological Genetics, London. Thomson, G. 1969. Ent. Record, 81: 265. Verity, R. 1953. Le Farfalle Diurne d'Italia, 5: 8-9. MANX RACE OF MANIOLA JURTINA 91 The Manx Race of Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep., Satyridae) By GreorGE THomsovn, F.R.E.S. The Isle of Man is, I am told, an accessible and popular holiday spot. This being so, it is a little surprising that the interesting nature of Maniola jurtina (L.) on the island has virtually escaped the attention of those who have worked on jurtina or the Manx fauna. Unfortunately, I have not had the opportunity to collect there myself, and it was not until this year that, through the kindness of Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and his two friends Mr J. Pugh and Mr J. Hedges, that I was able to obtain a series of thirty-three specimens of the species (consist- ing of 19 males and 14 females) from various localities on the island, collected during 1970. This, although a short series, was remarkably homogenious for a jurtina sample and clearly indicated the nature of this race. Three specimens sent to me for examination by Mr P. W. Finbow pointed to the same con- clusion which I am about to detail. The only mention of the Manx race, other than as part of a distribution list, which I have been able to find was by Graves (1930) in his discussion of the British jurtina. He commented: (p. 75) ‘.. . jurtina of both sexes from the Isle of Man resembles very small Irish specimens .. .’ Higgins and Riley (1970) include them with splendida B.-White, but it should be noted that they extend this name to cover noi only the north-west Scottish form, but also the Irish (iernes Graves) and the Scillonian races (cassiteridum Graves). [I believe this treatment of the situation in the British Isles is valid only if all the Atlantic races are included under the name splendida (i.e., splendida, iernes, cassiteridum and insularis Thomson) which is, after all, the earliest available name for a distinct British race. To exclude insularis from this group is to deny the fact that it is closer to the Irish race than to any other. Furthermore, the type of geographical variation seen in splendida and cassiteridum is in a direction away from that of central and northern Europe, while iernes is an intensi- fication of it. ] On examining the specimens that I had received it was at once obvious that they belonged to a race much akin to that of Ireland. The most distinctive features of zernes are well deve- loped in the Manx form: in the male, frequent bipupillation of of the apical eyespot or a doubling of it (f. erymanthoides Esp.), a well developed sub-apical fulvous band, and a very distinct light sub-marginal band on the underside hindwing; while in the female, extensive fulvous on the upperside and a very bright, contrasty underside. Furthermore, seven of the thirty- three specimens (2 males and 5 females) were of the form addenda Mousley which is frequent in the Irish race. In spite of these characters linking them closely with iernes, they 92 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 contrasted sharply and consistently with them in size. Irish males are strikingly large with a wingspan of from 46 mm. to more than 57 mm., averaging nearly 52 mm., while the females range from 50 mm. to 62 mm., averaging nearly 56 mm. How- ever, two series from the Aran Islands of Inishman and Inish- more, kindly collected for me by Mr T. C. Dunn in 1969 and 1970, are smaller than those from the Irish mainland, averag- ing almost 50 mm. in the male but very little smaller in the female. Graves also knew of an ‘exceptionally small’ race from Rush, Co. Dublin. Besides the Aran series the Manx specimens are diminutive. Indeed they are smaller than any of my series from individual locality in Britain or Europe, smaller even than the typical sub-species of Sweden!. The actual measurements are shown in Table 1 together with figures for jurtina from south-west Sweden, British insularis and iernes from the two Irish Arans and the Irish mainland. TABLE 1 ~ Locality , a Oe ee Males: ak waell Females vi wares average largest smallest average largest smallest A Isle of Man 45-2 48-0 40-0 48-9 53-0 45-0 B South-east Sweden 46-2 50-0 41-0 50-6 53:5 43-0 C Britain 48-0 55:0 38-0 53-0 60-0 42-0 D Inishmore, Aran 49:5 52-0 47-0 53:7 55:0 52-0 E Inishmaan, Aran 50:3 57:0 44-0 56:0 57:0 55-0 F Ireland 519 STS 460 BG 60 500 The wingspan in millimetres of various races and populations of Maniola jurtina (L.). All measurements taken as twice the distance from the centre of the thorax to the apex. The figures for Britain (C) exclude north-west Scotland, Ireland and the Isles of Scilly. 1Verity (1913) in his ‘Revision of the Linnean Types of Palaearctic Rhopalocera’ said that the jurtina ‘type’ in the Linnean collection is of the North African race known as fortunata Alph. Although the specimen is certainly of southern European origin, I would say that it was more likely to be from south-east France or Spain. However, as Lindroth (1957) has pointed out, ‘Linnaeus never de- signated any specimen as a type. Whether his description was based on one single or on several specimens it cannot even be taken for granted that these were preserved in his collection, or, the original specimen may later have been substituted by another, in better condition, by Linnaeus himself.’ Mayr (1969) remarks, ‘No nomenclatural decision should ever be made by relying on a “Linnean type”. There is no such thing.’ Thus, it should be clear that Verity’s action in 1913 restricted the type locality of jurtina to ‘North Africa’ in spite of the doubtful origin of the specimen in the Linnean collection, Alpheraky’s fortunata being sunk as a synonym, a solution which has been followed by de Lattin and others. The type locality of janira was at the same time restricted to ‘Central Europe’. MANX RACE OF MANIOLA JURTINA 93 One of Mr Finbow’s specimens, a male taken in 1968, was a remarkable dwarf of the form parafeminea Thomson with a wing-span of only 36 mm. Populations consisting of smallish specimens occur in both splendida and insularis, but as far as I know neither of these races attain such diminutive dimensions as those of the Isle of Man. Little allowance need be made for annual fluctuation as size varies little from year to year in this species, and it is safe to say that the Manx population repre- sents one of the smallest, if not the smallest race of jurtina anywhere in its known range, with the possible exception of the form parvalua Stauder, recorded from Monte Faito and S. Angelo (Sorento) which was said to be the size of a female Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), but which, for lack of confirma- tion, must rank with the other apocrphal records of species whose nature or existence is somewhat less than certain. Considering the geographical situation of the Isle of Man and the fact that morphologically they are close to iernes, it was interesting to compare them with samples from the adjacent mainland of Scotland, England and Wales. The very few specimens that I have examined from Galloway make no approach to the Irish race—much less indeed than the indivi- dual bright specimens which are found in parts of central Scotland and some maritime localities in the south of England. It would be extremely interesting, however, to examine a series from the extreme south-west peninsular which terminates in the Mull of Galloway as here we might see one of two interest- ing situations—an approach to zernes or a reverse cline. This is, in fact, what I have found in the Colwyn Bay and Great Orme region of north Wales. Here, although the size is almost identical to that of the insularis average in both sexes, and the males are also typical of the widespread British race, the females show a marked reduction in the extent of fulvous on the upperside. Often this is strongly veiled with scales of the ground colour. Furthermore, a number of specimens were of a rather unusual colour—a somewhat uniform light sepia—much less reddish or blackish than is usual in Britain, a colouration typical of the eastern races of the species. It is therefore, that much more remarkable that a few of the males have geni- talia of the ‘eastern type,’ but this is a complex subject which is not directly relevant to this discussion and will be dealt with in a paper now in preparation. In short, the north Welsh specimens indicated a movement away from iernes to a greater extent than that found anywhere else in Britain. I can trace no approach whatsoever to the Irish form in jurtina from West- moreland, although it certainly would be very interesting to examine the species on the Isle of Walney. I hope that the individual nature of the Manx jurtina will now be recognised by those who have the fortune to see speci- mens from that Island. A name is not justified for this race, however, as it differs only in one character from iernes with which it should be placed but in which it should not be for- gotten. 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 I have to thank Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, J. Pugh, J. Hedges, T. C. Dunn and R. L. Dennis for their very generous help in obtaining material from the region which I have mentioned. Also Mr P. W. Finbow for the loan of three specimens from his collection. a Backcroft, Dunblane, Perthshire. 2.i1.1971. REFERENCES Graves, P. P., 1930. Entomologist, 63: 75-81. Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, London. Lindroth, C. H., 1957. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 43: 325-341. Mayr, E., 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology, New York. Thomson, G., 1969. Ent. Record, 81: 7-14, 51-58, 83-90, 116-117. Verity, R., 1913. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 32: 184-5. Inverness-shire in 1970 By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. Retd., F.R.E.S. The last five years or so have shown a distinct climatic change from the previous fourteen that [ have been residing in Badenoch. This change has been characterised in three main respects; first, a reduction in the severity of depth of winter snowfall and higher minimum temperatures, fewer occasions of Zero F. frost readings. This change has been accompanied by more prolonged winters, starting much earlier and extend- ing well into May. Thirdly, the summers have become colder, windier and less sunny. I think that these three changes have probably helped predators such as birds and parasites to reduce the population of Lepidoptera, and certainly the bird population locally has made a good recovery from the severe winter of 1962-63. In addition to all this the human destruction of our small local entomogical habitats by Forestry Commission and other developers proceeds apace in spite of the rare suc- cesses of conservationists. A classic example of this vandalism perpetrated by a proprietor and the Forestry Commission, which is officially committed to pay due aitention to conser- vancy considerations should be publicised. About 1955 the Nature Conservancy, at my request and duly furnished by me with the facts of many rare and local plants and insects occur- ring on the western cliff and scree of Greag Dhub near Newton- more, officially declared this most interesting and restricted habitat to be a S.S.I. (Site of Scientific Interest). About 1965 I noticed suddenly that a 40 acre strip of this steep and rough hillside had been cleared and fenced, and a year or so later planted with Douglas Fir, an entirely alien tree in the very centre of this area. When I drew the attention of the regional Forestry Commission Officer to this lamentable happening, he seemed to be sincerely sorry about it, and pleaded ignorance of MANX RACE OF MANIOLA JURTINA 95 the S.S.I. but, of course it was too late to reverse the damage done The 1969-70 winter was the earliest and longest with the coldest November officially recorded for many years. But it evertheless remained an open one, with only a few heavy snowfalls and severe frosts. But no insects were seen at all until March, when the first snowdrops appeared together with a beautiful Waxwing cock and the first Songthrushes from the South. These were followed by a few early Oystercatchers and Plovers on 12th March. At last, on 13th Phigalia pedaria Fab. began to emerge on to the wooden posts up my glen. Starting the m.v. light trap in my spinney was the signal for more snow and frost, so that the first hibernating moths, Conistra vaccinii L. and Xylena vetusta Hb. together with the first Orthosia incerta L. did not appear until 30th. April opened with a blizzard and continuous frost night and day, and I eventually found the first Brachyonica nubeculosa Esp. just emerged on a Birch trunk on 11th, and some sunshine the next day produced a few Brephos parthenias L. and hiber- nated Aglais urticae L. on the wing. The early Spring moths appeared slowly due to night frosts, and the Sallow blossom was not until the very end of the month together with the daffodils. May welcomed Spring with mild and sunny weather, which resulted in a fine emergence of all the usual species earlier than I expected together with a rapid development of vegeta- tion; Odontosia carmelita Esp. appeared in good numbers be- fore the middle of the month, as also did the first Pieris napi L. and Thecla rubi L. flying in some nice sunshine among the moorland Vaccinium. Only a very few Endromis versicolora L. were reported to me and [! saw none; this splendid insect’s survival is far from assured. On 16th the only Vanessa atalanta L. seen this year briefly refreshed itself on my garden Arabis before I watched it resume a northerly course. By the 27th P. napi L. were abundant, and Brethis euphrosyne L. and Anthocaris cardamines L. rapidly becoming so, more than for some years. I also understand that good numbers of the pupae of Amathes alpicola Zett. were collected on the high ground. The month ended with a short rather cold spell. Early June brought the arrival of our real Summer weather which has been the pattern now for three years, and this year lasted a little longer, nearly three weeks. It was briefly punctuated by a few very severe thunderstorms which dis- rupted electricity supply badly. The Spring broods of butter- flies were in greater profusion than I have ever seen here before, especially B. ewphrosyne L., P. napi L., A. cardamines L., and E. tages L. On 4th June I found male specimens of Cupido minimus Fues. commonly in its very restricted habitat, the earliest date so far. I noted no less than nine species of butterfly on that memorable day! On 13th June two more species were flying, Brenthis selene Schf. and a few very fresh 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 Pieris brassicae L. probably locally bred and of the northern single-brooded race; four days later a very large influx of immigrants of this species suddenly appeared in the Spey valley, very fresh and many pairs were seen in copula, a re- markable and unusual sight. Meanwhile the sunny weather was tempered by the prevalence of cool East winds and cold nights limiting my m.v. light trap catches, but the usual Sum- mer moths appeared rather earlier than normal in recent years. But on 22nd June the weather broke and our Summer was virtually over. The month ended in cold rain storms with high winds from the north-west. July was cold, wet and stormy throughout, though a brief sunny interlude on 8th showed a few Argynnis aglaia L., Maniola jurtina L. and Coenonympha pamphilus L. to be on the wing. The Lycaenids were, however, either scarce or disinclined to fly in such stormy weather. A full Westerly gale raged from 11th to 14th, heavy rain fell every day, with severe flooding on 20th, while snow crowned the high tops on 23rd! The month ended with further Northerly gales, heavy rain, and a few moths in my trap included a worn pale grey immigrant Eurois occulta L. on 3lst. August began well with one warm sunny week which pro- duced a good emergence of Erebia aethiops Esp. only a few days later than usual; on 8th, however, the cold stormy weather returned culminating on 17th with very severe flooding in the Findhorn valley and widespread damage in the Firres area completely stopping any collecting there. I made further efforts to discover Orgyia antiqua L. in my Badenoch area by assemb- ling with the offspring of Mr Noble’s 1969 captures which failed again. Squally wet weather ended the month. September continued the cold wet squally weather, so that night flying activity of insects was still low. Autumn species continued to emerge, but most were in small numbers as measured by light trap catches. There were sharp frosts on 15th and 16th of the month. So far this year, immigrant insects had been very few and far between but now a few Agrostis ipsilon Hufn. appeared in the light trap, probably locally bred from an earlier migrant. On 27th several immi- grant P. rapae L. appeared again this year, which now seems to be a regular annual pattern. On 30th the month ended with a worn male Herse convolvuli L. being brought to me from the village pavement where the modern m.v. street lighting had apparently been too much for it. October began with ten days of the usual squally cold wet weather and virtually no moth activity at all. This was followed by a fine sunny spell but the previous gales had killed off most of the Autumn species as well as removing half the leaves from the trees thus spoiling the colours. On 18th the winter snows arrived on all the low ground a fortnight earlier than last year and brought the season to an early close. To sum up, a very promising start in May and early June, especi- PLATE Itt IpIsIgpUN I[PWII} “Pp dptIsioddn v[eulof ‘7 dpisiopunN s[euU “¢ opisioddn oyew ‘T ‘aou ‘ds isawnl sdoshsysopidaT NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOCHRYSOPS FROM CAPE PROVINCE 97 ally with large flights of Butterflies soon petered out with wretched cold wet windy weather and an early onset of winter. My total m.v. trap catch for the six month period from April to September inclusive was disappointing, even lower than in 1969 being only 3846 moths, and did not include even a single Plusia gamma L. for the record! Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 14.i.1970. A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke (Lepi- doptera: Lycaenidae) from the Roggeveld Mountains of the Cape Province By D. A. SWANEPOEL Lepidochrysops jamesi sp. nov., plate III, figs. 1-2 and 3-4. S — Holotype: Exp. 35 mm., figs. 1 and 3. Head: frons dark grey; palpi below and at side white, black above, third joint fairly long; antennae black, shaft finely chequered with white, club very elongate and whitish below. Thorax: black above clothed with brownish hairs, below with whitish hairs and scales. Legs whitish. Abdomen: whitish below, brownish above and at sides with whitish rings showing abdominal seg- ments. Upperside: both wings dark brown with a coppery sheen. Bases black. Cilia: greyish-white and clearly chequered with dark brown. Forewing: discocellular mark very narrow and indistinct. Apex rather pointed. Outer margin convex. Inner margin about three fourths the length of the costa. Hindwing: same colour as forewing, discocellular mark absent, tornal spot round, black with orange ring which is broader on the inner side and a faint greyish mark in the centre of the tornal spot. The spot next to the tornal spot very indistinct with similar ones hardly visible along the distal margin towards the apex where faint greyish markings occur. Inner margin broad clothed with brownish hairs and scales. Underside: Forewing, ground colour dark brownish grey. Discocellular mark slightly lunulate, black and edged with white. Six discal spots, darker than the ground colour and ringed with white, in cellules from 2 to 7. Those in 3 and 4 placed inwardly, that in 2 placed outwardly and rather indis- tinct in holotype but better developed in other specimens. Marginal spots heart shaped, black and surrounded with whitish, Cilia broadly chequered with white. Hindwing: no tail, ground-colour much as in forewing, but with scattered white scaling in places, within the basal half of the wing. Five black spots ringed with white, two along costa, one in cell and a very small one just below it in ad- jacent area and one along inner margin. Discocellular mark black edged with white and slightly lunulate, and longer than 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 that of forewing. A row of six discal spots, black and ringed with whitish. That in area 3 shifted inwards, that in area 4 shifted slightly outwards, that in area 5 shifted more out- wards, larger than the others and slightly oval, that in area 6 shifted outwards and that in area 7 shifted inwards. A row of distinct sagittate marks whose points touch the discal spots slightly. Those in areas 5 and 6 are smaller and placed more outwards. That in area 7 very blunt. Tornal spot round, black with yellow orange lunule outwardly, the centre with bluish grey scaling. Marginal spots blurred with whitish. Cilia as in forewing. 2—Allotype: Exp 35 mm. figs 2 and 4. Upperside: colour same as in male but coppery sheen brighter and inclining to be more yellow. Internervular dark markings along distal margins. Tornal spot black with rather broad yellowish brown ring. A faint yellowish mark near tornal spot. Forewings broader than those of male. Underside: about the same as in male except that some of the discal spots are smaller and the whitish scaling in the basal half of the hindwings is more intense. Remarks: one is inclined to compare this species with a number of similarly looking species of this genus e.g. L. badhami van Son, L. mcgregori Penn., L. penningtoni Dickson and even with specimens of L. variabilis Cottrell from Lesotho where the forms show much of the coppery sheen, though in a lesser degree, on their wings as this species. One is truly amazed at the degree of variation in the coppery colours of the various species. Perhaps the upperside colour of L. megregori Penn., which vary tremendously among individual specimens comes closest to this one. Other, rather similar to them are L. bacchus Riley and L. penningtoni. The prominent white markings of this species come closest to those of L. badhami, especially the scattered white scaling in the basal half of the hindwings. underside. Much resemblance is to be seen between this one and L. mcgregori. This is a larger insect, although a few specimens of L. mcgregori that were netted near the habitat of this one—though a mile or more away— are nearly as large. The forewing of this species is more elongate than that of L. mcgregori. On the underside the markings of L. mcgregori are very similar to this one but are more linear and the white scaling less intense. Material examined: Roggeveldberge (Sutherland district Cape province) 6.x.70, D. A. Swanepoel, ¢ holotype; idem 11.x.70 D. A. Swane- poel, 2—allotype; idem paratypes 3 ¢, 2 2 6.x.70,1 46,1 2 10.x.70, 1 2 14.x.70 all in my collection. I discovered this species on the 6th October 1970 on the summit of one of the Roggeveld mountains some 35 miles north of Sutherland, Cape province, and some miles south of Middel- pos. It flies fairly rapidly, sometimes slowly, in circles of zig- zags among some tall bushes, or over low shrubs. It seemed to be confined to a comparatively small area where it visited all NEW FOREST M.V. LIGHT RECORDS 99 sorts of flowers. Now and then it would rest on the ground when clouds come over. It may be on the wing from September to November. I have much pleasure in naming this beautiful coppery brown blue for my friend the late Arthur James who during his term of office as secretary of Clovelly Country Club, Kalk- bay, Cape Town, showed a warm interest in my activities— writing my book, Butterflies of South Africa. His friendly atti- tude was an inestimable stimulus spurring me on towards my goal. New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1970 By L. W. S1ces In spite of abnormally high numbers in May, and more particularly in June, the yearly total of specimens coming to the trap at Minstead was below average. Nights Total Average March 16 208 13 April PAH 2493 92 May 25 1900 76 June 30 10294 343 July 30 6274 209 August 31 7462 242 September 30 2163 fies October 13 451 30 November 11 349 32 There were four additions to the Minstead list. Oria musculosa Hiibn. Unexpected in the Forest as there is no arable land nearby. The specimen, a male, was in mint condition. Procus versicolor Borkh. Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. (This is, of course, fairly com- mon in parts of the Forest.) Perizoma albulata Schiff. Lobophora halterata Hufn. was taken in 1963 but was over- looked in submitting my annual lists. During the year, several doubtful identifications have been checked, with the result that the following should be added to the list— Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl. E. intricata (ssp. arcuethata) Zett. E. indigata Hibn. E. sobrinata Hibn. and the following should be deleted— Euphyia picata Hibn. Eupithecia tenuiata Hibn. E. valerianata Hiibn. E. satyrata Hubn. 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 The following captures are worthy of note—Nola albula Hiibn. (2), Anaplectoides prasina Fab. (2), Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., Orthosia advena Schiff., Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. (2), Procus literosa Haw., Celaena leucostigma Hiibn., Moma alpium Osbeck., Perizoma flavo- fasciata Thunb., Asthena albulata Hufn. Lithophane leautieri Boisd. Five specimens, all male, were taken on 1.x., 4.x. (2), 10.x. and 3.xi. In 1969, a single speci- men was taken and assumed to be a casual visitor, but the sudden increase this year suggests that a colony has been set up here. Two remarkable late records (Diacrisia sannio L., 4.ix. and Leucania comma, 25.ix.) suggest the possibility of second broods. Both species normally occur in June and July. D. sannio is said to have two broods abroad (South). MIGRANTS. 1970 was a poor migrant year. Lithosia quadra L. (20), Agrotis ipsilon Rott. (237), Peri- droma porphyrea Schiff. (6), Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (1), Plusia gamma L. (112), Rhodometra sacraria L. (1), Nycterosea obstipata Fab. (2), Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (309), Plutella maculipennis Curt. (15). POLYMORPHISM Biston betularia L. Sterrha arversata L. typical 66 (88%) remutata 74 (75%) carbonaria T @3%) aversata 25 (25%) insularia 2 (3%) Biston strataria Hufn. Typical 134, melanic 1 (previously reported Ent. Rec., 82: 215). Eilema deplana Esp. Typical 2, unicolor 2. E. griseola Hiibn. Typical 15, flava 4. Agrotis exclamationis L. Typical 5867, melanic 1. Apamea crenata Hufn. Typical 10, alopecurus 1. Lomaspilis marginata L. Typical 138, pollutaria 1. Semiothisa liturata Clerck. Typical 37, nigrofulvata 1. Alcis repandata L. Typical 51, conversaria 3. Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. CorRIGENDA.—It has been brought to my notice by Messrs Bretherton, Warren and de Worms that my record of Erebia eriphyle Freyer on the Simplon would be improbable (Ent. Record, 82: 285-292). Unfortunately, the species which I identified as eriphyle was, in fact, melampus Fuessl. The record of Leptidea duponcheli Staudinger from the Col du Tende should be corrected te sinapis L., and we did not take Colias hyale L. at Ivrea as stated. To the list, however, should be added Hipparchia alcyone Schiff. which we found at Bolzano, Sospel, St. Valier, Grasse, Mt. Ventoux and Digne, fagi Scop. being taken at Ivrea, St. Valier, Fountain de Vaucluse, Ventoux and Digne.—GrorGe TuHomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perthshire. BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 101 A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area By A. D. R. Brown, F.R.E.S. Introduction Over the past ten years, much information has been col- lected about the local lepidoptera of the Bristol area, and especially the butterflies. The Entomological Section of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society has been largely responsible for this, and every year members of the Society have been kind enough to send in observations of what they have seen, both privately and on organised field meetings. It has been the custom of the Entomological Section to pre- serve these observations by recording them on index cards, and a report has been published annually in the Society’s “Pro- ceedings” giving details of the features of that particular year. Since this system was initiated many changes have taken place as a result of ‘progress’ altering the balance of flora and fauna in this area, and this has been especially noticeable with our lepidoptera. When Monks Wood had established its national lepidoptera mapping scheme, members of our Section formed a committee to co-operate with this scheme on a more local basis. We decided to concentrate on vice-counties West Glou- cestershire and North Somerset, and in 1969 we published our first set of distribution maps in the Bristol Naturalists’ Society’s “Proceedings” together with the usual annual report. This article is just a general survey of the various species of butterfly taken from our extensive records, and an attempt has been made by the author to give some idea of the situation in this part of the world, together with notes on the destruction of habitats, local variation and various other points. A series of distribution maps covering the two vice-counties in question has been included, and these are identical with the ones that we have previously published. Owing to the shortage of entomologists in the Bristol area, it is not possible to cover the entire region from one year to the next, so, as can be expected, there will be many gaps in our knowledge of the precise locations and distributions of many of the species. However, where there is a certain lack of in- formation, this has been mentioned while describing the species in question, and suggestions are made of likely haunts which need to be studied. It is hoped that some benefit may be gained from this report, and that it may throw some light on the lepidoptera situation as a whole in this country. DANAIDAE Danaus plexippus Linn. (Milkweed) During the great invasion of this North American migrant butterfly to this country in the autumn of 1968, two of them, out of total of over sixty, were observed in the Bristol area, one 102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 from each vice-county. On the 14th October of that year, one was seen on the wing at Brent Knoll between Weston-super- Mare and Bridgewater, while a second was noted twelve days later at Churchdown in Gloucestershire. SATYRIDAE Pararge aegeria Linn. (Speckled Wood) The Speckled Wood occurs in almost any suitable habitat in the Bristol area, but is never common. However, in certain isolated localities in the Cotswold and Mendip Hills, it has been observed in strength from time to time, mainly on the early summer bramble blossom. We usually see four broods every year, there being two parts to each generation. The first specimens appear on the wing in April and are of a particu- larly bright and even exotic character, with very prominent yellow markings. In the spring of 1967, the author captured two contrasting aberrations at one locality on the same day. They were both females, and had emerged during a warm sunny spell following a period of heavy frosts and bitter cold. With the first specimen, the characteristic yellow patch sur- rounding the eye-spots on the forewings was absent, whereas on the second one most of the yellow markings on the fore- wings had been extended into broad streaks, and the eye-spots themselves were enlarged. It is thought that the prevailing weather could have been responsible for these variations. During the latter part of the year, specimens are seen on the wing right up to the end of October. Pararge megera Linn. (Wall Brown) Over the whole of the two vice-counties, this species has been seen at sometime or another, but only in very small num- bers. Its strength varies from one season to the next, and occasionally it may be absent from certain popular haunts for quite a number of years. Unfortunately, it is extremely diffi- cult to give any indication of the trends of this species, but in one or two localities its status never dwindles. These places are mainly in the open areas along the Cotswold escarpment in Gloucestershire, and Sand Point near Weston-super-Mare in Somerset also appears to be a stronghold of the Wall Brown. Despite extensive searches little in the way of variation has occurred. Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown) There is little to say about this butterfly except that it is common nearly every year, and can be found on almost any suitable piece of ground. Those specimens with white blotches known as “bleaches” are met with in most seasons, but are not nearly so frequent as in South-East England. It might be of interest to note that the butterfly usually appears on the wing in mid-June and may be seen up to the end of October, if mild weather prevails. BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 103 Maniola tithonus Linn. (Hedge Brown) This species, too, is found all over the two vice-counties but is not usually observed in very large numbers owing to its comparatively short season on the wing. However, this is quite deceiving since if one approaches a suitable haunt at the right time when the weather is good, the species may often be found to be plentiful. We have much evidence of this each year from various localities and so this conclusion is well founded. 1968 was an outstanding year for the Hedge Brown in the Bristol district, particularly in the City itself, where it ‘swarmed’ at Kingsweston Down. It may safely be said that nearly fifty per cent were of the form ab. multiocellata Oberthur, some being quite extreme. Examples of ‘‘bleaches” or ab. transformis were also taken. Our latest record is of one butterfly at Yatton in North Somerset on 12th September 1965. Eumenis semele Linn. (Grayling) Here we have a species which is renowned for its charac- teristic of inhabiting two quite different haunts. On the one hand it normally flourishes on limestone hills, whereas on the other it can be found in low-lying heathland areas. Although we have no records from West Gloucestershire, the above statement can be applied to North Somerset. In the Mendip Hills, which are primarily limestone, the Grayling butterfly has been noted in no less than five localities. On the rocky outcrops and open areas in Goblin and Brockley Combes it can also be found. In contrast, it is especially common along the coastal reaches either side of Weston-super-Mare, from Sand Point to Brean Down. Unfortunately, the author has not yet had an opportunity to compare specimens from both regions. It is of interest to note that we have no observations from the extensive marshy lowlands and moors south of the Mendip Hills, although one would assume this to be an ideal location. Melanargia galathea Linn. (Marbled White) This species, fortunately, does not appear to be in any danger, as indicated from the records. Although it is dying out in some of its former localities, we receive reports of new discoveries every year. In many of its Cotswold haunts, it is the most common of the Satyridae butterflies, and frequently ‘clouds’ of them have been observed. Whether this is an indica- tion that the Marbled White is on the increase is difficult to assess, but there is certainly no evidence that it is on the decline. It is not only plentiful on the limestone hillsides but also in many of the country lanes and rough fields, extending between Gloucester and Bristol. At Kingsweston Down in northern Bristol, which incidentally is a Roman encampment surrounded by an abundance of various grasses interspersed with hawthorn trees, the Marbled White is common each year. 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 In 1967, a superb aberration was taken here, in which the normal black markings were replaced by those of a pinkish- buff colour. In North Somerset, it occurs in nearly every type of habitat, ranging from the bleak open areas in the Mendip Hills, through to the coastal regions near Weston-super-Mare, includ- ing the inevitable Goblin Combe, and down across the Somerset lowlands south to the Polden Hills near Street. 1970 appears to be a peak year for the Marbled White, in Goblin Combe at any rate, where numbers of the butterfly were fighting for nectar on each flower head. A male specimen with normal forewings and near-transparent hindwings was caught at this time. Aphantopus hyperantus L. (Ringlet) As can be seen from the map, this species is quite widely distributed throughout the two vice-counties, and can be found in a variety of different habitats. It occurs in small numbers on the slopes of Stinchcombe Hill near Dursley in Gloucester- shire, which is typical Cotswold limestone scenery containing rough open pastures interspersed with dense scrub. In other areas, such as Wetmoor near Wickwar and Michael Wood, not far from Stone, the Ringlet can be seen in far greater numbers, where there is thick deciduous forest with overgrown rides. Unfortunately, in the latter locality, numbers have been drastically reduced owing to extensive clearing and wide- spread damage from the development of the MS motorway. In North Somerset, the picture is in complete contrast. The butterfly occurs all over the Mendip Hills wherever there is sufficient scrub or woodland, and particularly in the deserted lead-mine areas around Charterhouse and Priddy. In the marshy peat lowlands south of the Mendips, the Ringlet is widely scattered and often very common. However, nearer Bristol, a colony exists in what might be termed a ‘unique’ locality. This is Goblin Combe, a deep ravine in the limestone uplands not far from Bristol’s Lulsgate Airport. More will be said about this spot when describing other species. In Goblin Combe, the Ringlet is perhaps more abundant than in any of the surrounding areas. As can be expected, there is con- siderable variation with such numbers, and abs. parvipuncta and caeca are occasionally met with. These two forms are being bred experimentally in the hope of increasing the strength of their populations. Ab. magnipuncta, a much rarer variation, has also been found here, and in July of this year (1970) a superb asymmetrical “bleach” was captured. Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath) Over the past eight years, the numbers of this little butter- fly have increased noticeably, especially in the Bristol district, and reached a peak in 1969. in the early 1960’s, only two or three specimens would ever be seen on a particular day, BUTTERFLIES IN THE BRISTOL AREA 105 generally being more plentiful in the first generation. Starting with West Gloucestershire, including Bristol, the Small Heath was quite scarce on Filton Golf Course but in 1965 there was a marked increase in its strength. In other places such as Wetmoor, Tockington, and Kingsweston Down, the situation has been exactly the same, the last named colony being quite variable owing to its growing status. In more recent times many new colonies have been discovered in the Cotswold Hills, with equally encouraging results. During 1970, we received a bulk of reports from the somewhat built-up areas east of Bristol, such as Purdown, where no fewer than fifty specimens were counted on a day in August. In North Somerset we have further evidence that this species is on the increase, especially from 1965 onwards. Observations come from a number of localities in each type of habitat, ranging from the Mendip Hills westwards to the extensive sand dunes along the Somerset coastline, and south across the moors and lowlands to the Polden Hills. It appears to be the most common each year at the coast, but a reason cannot be given for this. NYMPHALIDAE Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary) This butterfly, whose numbers appear to be declining else- where in Britain, still maintains two strong colonies in the Bristol area. At present, only one remaining locality is known to the author in Gloucestershire, but at one time the Marsh Fritillary was widespread along the Monmouthshire border near the River Wye. Recent flooding is believed to be responsible for the extermination of at least one of these colonies near Tintern. As for the still surviving colony, it appears in strength about every four years at its haunt at Wetmoor, an extensive region of deciduous forest and marshy clearings, located between Wickwar and Hawkesbury Upton. Mild damp winters, typical of the West of England, seem to be detrimental to the hibernating larvae, and this could be the cause of the continual fluctuation in numbers from one year to the next. There is very little in the way of variation within this colony, although quite dark specimens appear from time to time. The situation in Somerset is a little more encouraging, as can be seen on the map. This species occurs in two of the areas up in the Mendip Hills, where there are ancient lead mine workings, but has not been observed from one of them in more recent years. There are several possibilities which could account for this sudden absence. Due to the altitude and lengthy cold bitter winters in these hills, it is unlikely that the climate can be blamed for this, as opposed to the colony in Gloucestershire. There are two picturesque lakes which are popular with sight-seers, but owing to the rough 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 terrain it is not very probable that the suitable breeding spots get trampled over. Nearby, much of the heathland has been taken over by the Forestry Commission, but here again the most likely areas have been untouched. The final factor, and the one which I believe to be the prime cause, is the wide- spread destruction by fire. The remaining flourishing colony near Charterhouse was nearly wiped out by fire a few years ago, but managed to be saved. This colony has long been known to local entomologists and possesses certain unique characteristics. Lastly, there are several sparse colonies down on the Somerset moors, but their survival is threatened by peat cutting. Argynnis selene Schiff. (Small Pearl-Bordered Fritillary) At the present time it is difficult to estimate the range and strength of this butterfly in Gloucestershire for various reasons. Until recently a flourishing colony thrived in Michael] Wood near Stone, as shown on the map, but its chief breeding ground was completely devastated last year when the M5 motorway development scheme ploughed straight through the woodland. Small patches of Michael Wood are still remain- ing, in particular those areas owned by the Forestry Commis- sion, where the butterfly may still be surviving, but it is too soon to give any idea of the long-term effects of this ruthless destruction. The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary has been discovered in considerable strength at two localities in the Forest of Dean, but it is highly probable that many others exist owing to the superb and unharmed natural conditions. This region may easily have the potential that the New Forest once had. There is little threat from tourists, since they usually confine their activities to the picnic areas and nature trails; the greatest problem is undoubtedly the steady on- slaught and the notorious hardwood-conifer conversions by the Forestry Commission. Let us learn our lesson from the case of the New Forest and prevent a similar catastrophe from ruining this last of the great forests. In Somerset, the butterfly is usually met with in the same haunts as the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia Rott.), such as the old lead mines in the Mendip Hills and on the marshy lowlands, but is never common. Goblin Combe, mentioned earlier, is an ideal locality for this species, and it is observed there in abundance every year. Argynnis euphrosyne Linn. (Pearl-Bordered Fritillary) This species is far scarcer in the West of England than the one previously described. The apparent widespread distribu- tion in Somerset is rather misleading; sightings of the Pearl- bordered Fritillary were recorded from these localities during the early 1960’s by members of the British Naturalists’ Society, but only in very small numbers, and there is doubt as to their authenticity. None have been recorded in more recent years, BUTTERFLIES IN 'THE BRISTOL AREA 107 Aphuntopus hyperantus L. Melanargia galathea L. (Ringlet) (Marbled White) - J x x * & e . my Pe Euphydryas aurinia Rott. wer, ; Argynnis selene Schiff. (Marsh Fritillary) (Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary) xArgynnis euphrosyne L. (Pearl Bordered Fritillary) 108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 and it is possible that they could have been confused with its cousin, the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis selene Schiff.) which is on the wing at the same time of year and which, itself, occurs in most of these places. However, there is one definite exception, and that is a predominant colony of this butterfly existing alongside its relatives in the area around Goblin Combe. As with selene, it is seen here every year, although the first specimens are on the wing about a fortnight earlier. An unusual asymmetrical aberration was taken here in 1966 by the author, where some of the black markings on the forewing (right) are united by an extra black bar, whereas the left-handside of the specimen is completely normal. At Wetmoor in Gloucestershire, which incidentally is now a nature reserve under the management of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation, the butterfly is only occasionally met with and is frequently absent during some years. Across the River Severn in the Forest of Dean, the future prospects for the Pearl-bordered Fritillary look most promising. This year, the butterfly was observed in profusion along some of the old deserted railway cuttings between Lydney and Coleford, and I have received several reports regarding discoveries of other colonies in this region. THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be made from this fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on : — (a) Leaf miners (b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae (c) Lepidoptera, particularly Micro-Lepidoptera (d) General entomology — in the above order of preference, having regard to the suit- ability of the candidates and of the plan of work proposed. It is envisaged that awards would be made to assist travel- ling, and other expenses necessary for field work. In total they are not likely to exceed about £100 in 1971 or 1972. Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan of research, and of the precise objects for which an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., MAGE RES Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey, as soon as possible, and in any case not later than 50th September 1971 Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any part of the world may qualify. GENERA ADRAMA WALKER AND MERACANTHOMYIA HENDEL 109 A Note on the Genera Adrama Walker and Meracanthomyia Hendel (Diptera : Tephritidae) By V. C. Kapoor Associate Professor of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. (Division of Entomology) Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 12. Adrama Walker and Meracanthomyia Hendel belong to the tribe Adramini in the subfamily Dacinae. These two genera are presently separated by the presence in the former of short pendant antennae, absence of antennal prominence, strong anterior supra-alar and basal scutellar bristles and well bristled r4-5, and in the latter of long porrect antennae, well- defined antennal prominence, absence of basal scutellar bristles, vein r4-5 not bristled. In recent years male genitalia characters are also considered important in generic segrega- tions. These have been largely neglected in Tephritidae though workers like Munro (1947) and Hardy (1951) have given some importance to genitalic studies in fruitflies. In view of this the author has studied these two genera with reference to their male genitalia with common examples available to him, namely Adrama determinata Walker and Meracanthomyia kotiensis Kapoor (in press). The male genitalia of the former are figured (figs. 1-3) here while those of the latter can be com- pared with those under publication. The most important Fig. 1—Ejaculatory apodeme; Fig. 2—Aedeagus (aed) and Phallotheca (Phal.); Fig. 3—Ninth tergum (rear view). 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 difference between these two is the presence of tubular structures on the phallotheca in M. kotiensis while such are totally absent in A. determinata. This difference appears to be of generic importance, though the author has had no oppor- tunity to study the genitalia of the typical species of both the genera. Acknowledgments The author is grateful to Dr M. G. Ramdas Menon, Senior Systematic Entomologist, for valuable suggestions and to Dr S. Pradhan, Head, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi—12, for facilities. References Hardy, D. E. (1951). The Kraus collection of Australian fruitflies. Pacific Sci., 5: 115-189. Kapoor, V. C. (1971). A new species of the genus Meracanthomyia Hendel from India. Oriental Ins. (in press). Munro, H. K. (1947). African Trypetidae (Diptera). Mem. Ent. Soc., Southern Africa, 1: 1-284. Warwickshire M.V. Recordings, 1970 By Davin BROWN This was my third full year with the m.v. trap. As opposed to previous years it was operated throughout at a higher level in order to take advantage of the aspect of some miles of flat countryside. Only on nights when I was away or on nights of very high winds or severe rainstorms was it not switched on. Indeed, to allow operation even in adverse conditions, I arranged a permanent covered protection anchored firmly to the flat roof on which the trap stood. Pre- vious to this I had lost expensive lamps by the chilling action of the rain against the hot lamp in the middle of the night. This year, too, I eventually realised that birds were enter- ing the trap for usually it would be seven or eight in the morning before the trap was brought indoors for inspection. A suitable arrangement of wire in the aperture prevented further nuisance from this source. Nevertheless, I have almost resolved to be up with the dawn next year as I am sure a considerable number of species—especially the prominents —are lost in the vicinity of the trap itself. I also found it advantageous to have sessions about the light, as I have often wondered how many moths are attracted to it but which, in the event, do not acually enter the trap. It was during such sojourns that I ensured the boxing of three GENERA ADRAMA WALKER AND MERACANTHOMYIA HENDEL 111 Mormo maura L. (Old Lady) and four Zeuzera pyrina L. (Leopard). Species not previously recorded at the Charlecote Trap: — Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. (Small Brindled Beauty), Ist March, 11th April; Panolis flammea Schiff. (Pine Beauty), 16th April; Drepana lacertinaria L. (Scalloped hooktip), 12th May; Clostera curtula L. (Chocolate-tip), 12th May; Acasis viretata Hubn. (Yellow-barred Brindle), 15th May; Itame wauaria L. (V moth), 9th June; Ceramica pisi L. (Broom Moth), 9th June; Apamea unanimis Hiibn., 15th June; Comibaena pustulata Hufn., 18th June; Abraxas sylvata Scop. (Clouded magpie), 26th June; Scopula imitaria Hiibn. (Small Blood-vein), 2nd and 4th July; Bupalus piniaria L. (Bordered White); Zeuzera pyrina L. (Leopard), three on 4th July; Geometra papilionaria L. (Large Emerald), 8th July; Apamea ophiogramma Esp. (Double Lobed), 22nd July and 3rd August; Mormo maura L. (Old Lady), 3rd, 15th and 29th August; Perizoma alchemillata L. (Small Rivulet), 3rd August; Pelurga comitata L. (Dark Spinach); Plusia gracilis Lempke (Lempke’s Gold Spot), 22nd August; Trichiura crataegi L. (Pale Oak Eggar), 29th August; Sterrha emarginata (Small Scallop), 26th September; Agrochola macilenta Hiibn. (Yellow Line Quaker), 8th, 11th and 15th October; and Tiliacea aurago Schiff. (Barred sallow), 8th, 11th, 12th and 14th October. I felt that such a long list of newcomers must have been due to the exceptionally long period of warm weather during June and July. I also found it strange that some species such as T. aurago and Z. pyrina should occur in such good numbers in a single week. It was a coincidence that my friend ten miles away at Cubbington caught his first pyrina on the same night as my first three. The following were absent in 1970:—Lampra fimbriata Schreber (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing), Orthosia munda Schiff. (Twin-spot Quaker), Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn. (Golden Rod Brindle), Lithophane semibrunnea Haworth (Tawny Pinion), Antitype chi L. (Grey Chi); Apatele leporina L. (Miller), Anchoscelis helcola L. (Flounced Chestnut), Hydraecia oculea L. (Ear), Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (Bordered sallow), Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Bordered Straw); Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. (Large Wainscot), Arenostola pygmina Haw. (Small Wainscot), Nonagria typhae Thunb. (Bulrush Wains- cot), Miltochrista miniata Forst. (Rosy Footman), Lithosis griseola Hiibn. (ab. flava) (Dingy Footman), Cosymbia porata L. (False mocha), Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. (Gem.) Perizoma flavifasciata Thunb. (Sandy Carpet), and Theria rupicaparia Schiff. (Early Moth). The most common moths were very similar to previous years and the following table indicates some species which I was very pleased to find on the increase : — 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 1968») 1969.19 70 Deilephile porcellus (Small Elephant Hawk) Cerura vinula (Puss Moth) Notodonta dromedarius L. (Iron prominent) Cucullia verbasci L. (Mullein Shark) Tiliacea citrago L. (Orange Sallow) Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. (Dusky Lemon Sallow) Apatele alni L. (Alder Moth) Erombia ochroleuca Schiff. (Dusky Sallow) Cosmia diffinis L. (White Spotted Pinion) Pseudoips prasinana L. (Scarce Silver Lines) Catocala nupta L. (Red Underwing) Gastropacha quercifolia L. (Lappet Moth) Selenia lunaria Schiff. (Lunar Thorn) 28 30 Plagodis dolabraria L. (Scorched Wing) 15 ol With the revised position of the trap it became quite a common occurrence to record totals upwards of a thousand per night and, by the end of the season, I became quite ex- perienced at sorting and recording such vast numbers. — NOrReH NOS we) ao TS ORDOWNNND jl OBE NRF ORrFONOOCOCrFrF; =) bo ay caoes Sth WaWee.2 5. ae: 1,300 AGI Dull vies. Pac sages oe 1,100 Gthe July +ihcexe- 2,500 TEM, UY eeenenee « 6,000 (Record for Charlecote) AGthS Malye esse 1052 Ord Aveustyaesae Leg G2 athPAwesusti i.e: 1,391 GtheAugust eee D252, ith Avigusts 25.2 5,000 I would be interested to hear the size of other collectors’ most prolific catches. PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L. — Following Dr G. A. Neil Horton’s Monmouthshire records in 1970 (antea: 25), I have captured Parascotia fuliginaria L. at my home in Gloucester- shire, about 24 miles north-east of Usk, regularly for the past four years. The numbers captured have varied from 2 to 7 in one year. Last year a female was captured, all the other specimens being males. Whether or not the fact that I have not seen it prior to the last four years may or may not be coincidental since it is only in these years that I have run a mercury vapour trap. Since P. fuliginaria L. is known to feed on bracket fungi common on birch and pine, I suggest that the insect may be well established in the Forest of Dean and surrounding areas, since the Forest is continually being replanted with birch and pines where oak woodland once stood. Both Usk and Westbury-on-Severn are reasonably near to the Forest.— R. A. Watson, Vine Tree Cottage, Westbury-on-Severn, Glos. 19.iv.1971. PLATE IV ARCHIBALD JOHN WIGHTMAN, 1884-1971 OBITUARY 113 Obituary ARCHIBALD JOHN WICHTMAN 1884-1971 With the death of A. J. Wightman British lepidopterists have lost an outstanding figure. He died on 21st January 1971 aged 86 years, after a lifetime crammed with adventure, originality and prodigious activity; and the greater part of these energies were expended on the study of British noctuid moths and their varieties which he collected and reared on a scale hitherto unknown. He was a Sussex man, born in Lewes on 6th November 1884, and apprenticed in London to his father’s trade of iron- mongery. He was sent in 1909-10 to Australia where he took his chance living rough in the Queensland bush and where he learned much of the insects, birds and animals of that country. After his return to England he married Alice Holder, a Lewes girl, in 1915. He saw service in World War I as a tank commander and then instructor. Between the wars he lived at Pulborough where he was branch manager of an old- established ironmongers. He retired soon after the war but remained at Pulborough, his wife dying in 1957. There were no children. He was interested in everything and fascinated by all. His was a questioning mind that sought answers in classical fields as well as in everyday matters, his judgment was sharp, his experience immense and his power of debate quite indomit- able. Above all he was an acute observer of every facet of people and life and of all forms of wildlife; he never accepted the commonplace, nor took things for granted, instead he end- lessly asked himself why creatures behaved as they did, and how they came to be as they were. His entomological career spanned a revolutionary change from the old-world concept of collectors and collecting to the modern genre of conserva- tion and environmental study, and he took in his stride, self- taught, the growing sciences of evolution, ecology, genetics and practical taxonomy with its attendant snares of nomen- clature. His entomological interests date from when he would elude his nurse to watch Swallowtail moths at dusk, through his early working life when he would spend the night collecting and return directly to work in the shop. He came to the fore in 1908 discovering Nonagria neurica with Sharp at East- bourne at a time when its separate existence from N. dissoluta was in question. His special interest in the noctuids had already developed so his early and lasting friendship with Edelsten and Cockayne followed. He quickly built up a reputation for first-hand knowledge of this group of moths, especially of where and how to find them and their early stages; it is not easy for us to-day to understand how rudi- 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 mentary was the knowledge then of life histories of so many noctuids, and especially of the reed and internal feeding species known only from moths collected at hand lanterns. The work of Wightman in discovering the smallest details of these insects both in the wild and in his cages is still too little known. He used his colossal energy to ferret out the secrets of the Sussex fauna and had his taste of collecting further afield until the Second World War intervened. During his life he was father-figure to a succession of Sussex entomologists to whom he gave shape and purpose in their study and collecting as indeed he did to all who were fortunate enough to work with him, both the youthful and the not so young. After the Second World War he threw himself into the new era of collecting with a vigour and suc- cess that continued to astound all of us. After the death of his wife he realised long-cherished dreams by residing in turn in the classical collecting grounds of the fens, west country, Ireland and Scotland and by making excursions to wherever else his interests lay. As he grew older he seemed to become yet more active; his sixties found him walking all night long lamp in hand at Salisbury and Dungeness or coming in at dawn at Woodwalton; his seventies found him clambering over the Burren limestone and trudging the Manx cliffs, at 83 he went further into Borth bog at night than any of his juniors, and we wondered what ninety might bring. But the loss of friends and colleagues years younger than himself began to sap the spirit even of this remarkable man, and the death of Don Odd especially saddened him; now he, too, is gone. His writings on A. xerampelina and A. luneburgensis reveal but a glimpse of the professional scholarship he exercised in his researches. Although his published work spans his full active career it comprises but a fraction of his labours which instead lay for years in scattered manuscript except for his Diary, but recently he sorted these papers into loose-leaved volumes. These constitute a rich source of forthright com- ment, an uninhibited testament of uncommonly erudite can- dour, an anthology of lepidoptera collecting since 1900. The depth and scope of his work is best seen in the unique collection he built and developed; the precision of nomencla- ture and organization of material is quite unequalled in private collections, while the quality of the specimens and scope of material is of the highest possible order. Wight- man’s comprehension and breadth of knowledge of his sub- ject nurtured this collection to a dimension quite unknown in British Noctuidae. He was fastidious to a degree and observed the most scrupulous of standards. The scale on which he worked is exemplified by his success with a favourite species Atethmia xerampelina; these he collected as larvae each spring by ingenious trapping and then reared in cages de- signed to provide for their special feeding requirements on NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 115 expanding ash flowers. From 1940 to 1965 he bred over 30,000 moths, a staggering achievement with a species scarcely known to collectors outside the light trap. His recollection of personalities and events remained always lucid, his anecdotes and collecting dates were a legion. He was intensely practical both in commonsense approach to planning work and in the construction of his own glazed cases, rearing equipment or collecting gadgets, of which he invented novel implements for special jobs. Of robust physique and large frame he was in every way a big man, who for the most part enjoyed sound health and iron constitu- tion; indispositions that bothered him in later life derived from the indifferent way he treated his digestive system. A. J. Wightman enjoyed the distinction, achieved by few British lepidopterists, of becoming a legend in his own time; others have been equally well loved or respected or admired but few have commanded such compelling authority derived from original work of such calibre. A great man is gone. G. M. HAGGETT. Notes and Observations COSYMBIA PUPPILLARIA HUEBNER IN BRITAIN: ADDENDA AND CorRRIGENDA.—Since my “Survey of Cosymbia puppillaria Huebner in Britain” (Ent. Rec., 82: 93-100) was written, the following additional records have been published or have been kindly communicated to me privately, and may be added to the list given to it: — 1964 Martyr Worthy, Hants, 22.ix, female (D. W. H. ffennell, in ht.): 1967 Tattenham Corner, Surrey, 30.ix, female in good condi- tion in m.v. trap in the garden. (R. B. Wallis, in lit.). 1969 Martyr Worthy, Hants, 7.x, male; 13.x, male; 17.x, female D. W. H. ffennell, in lit.); Shillingford, Oxon, 19.x, male in fair condition (M. Bourne, Ent. Gaz., 21: 64); Watts Common, Aldershot, Hants, 19.x, female at m.v. light; eggs obtained and adults reared (W. G. Kittle, Ent. Rec., 82: 101-102); Micheldever, Hants, 22/23.x, male at m.v. light (C. H. Dixon, in lit.); Lee, Kent, one 20.x (de Worms —C. G. Bruce, Lond. Naturalist, 49: 84, 88); Totteridge, Middlesex, one 22.x (de Worms—R. Lorimer, Lond. Naturalist, 49: 84). These ten additions bring the total recorded in the wild in Britain to 73 (including one larva). They also make 1969, with 20 records, decisively the best year. I have not heard of any occurrence of the species in 1970. In the original list, Sir Robert Saundby’s record at Burgh- clere was erroneously referred to Berks. This should be cor- rected to Hants. Mr R. A. French has kindly pointed out to me 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 that the date of the second record at Bishopsteignton, S. Devon, in 1964 should be 20.ix. (not 1.ix. as printed); and that altogether three specimens were reported there in 1964, though the date of the third is uncertain. He also tells me that for Minstead, Hants, 1965, there is only a single record, on 27.x. (not two, on 27.viii. and 24.x., as printed). — R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey. LOsasral!. HELOPHILUS CONSIMILIS MALM (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) IN East GLAMORGAN.—My observations over the past five years have led me to the conclusion that this attractive but allegedly rare hover-fly is not only maintaining a foothold in one East Glamorgan habitat (the precise location of which is withheld for conservation reasons) but may even be increasing its num- bers. The colony first came to my notice on June Sth 1966, when four insects which I had on first sight assumed to be either Helophilus versicolor F. or H. frutetorum F. proved, on closer examination, to be H. consimilis. The discovery of this species has prompted me to revisit the site each year since, at approximately the same date. The 1967 and 1968 visits were fruitless, possibly due to the unfavourable weather conditions prevailing at those times, but on June 7th 1969 I was again rewarded by the sight of three males of H. consimilis, this time in company with H. pendulus L. and H. lineatus F. This year, on June 6th 1970, although no other species of the genus were recorded, H. consimilis was again present and in such numbers that I was unable to count it. With the solitary exception of one male, taken at Haw- thorn blossom at a height of about eight feet above the ground, all the specimens observed, on all three occasions, were flying low over or amongst damp lakeside vegetation, and none were seen to stray more than a few yards from the water’s edge. Could these unobtrusive habits have perhaps given the species an undeserved reputation of rarity, when “local” may be a more apt definition of its distribution?—A. W. PEaRcy, 6 Melbourne Road, Llanishen, Cardiff. 13.xii.1970. HALISODOTA TESSELLARIS ABBOT AND SMITH (LEP. ARCTIIDAE)}— A batch of ova which I received from North America in late June, were spherical and shining pearly white; less than a week later the heads of the developing larvae were clearly visible as large black spots occupying most of the space inside the top third of each egg. The newly hatched larvae consumed very little, if any, of their eggshells, and during this first stage, they were very pale grey, virtually hairless and with large black heads. In their natural state they feed on the foliage of many kinds of trees and shrubs, seeming to have a special liking for Robinia, but among various foodplants offered in captivity, rambler rose seemed to be preferred. During the later stages, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 117 oak and sallow were readily accepted, but willow was refused. At the second instars a few hairs appeared and the thoracic and eleventh segments became yellow. Later the larvae were sparsely covered with whitish hairs, the body being light yellowish grey with black subdorsal lines edged inwardly with numerous small black dots. The head remained black throughout larval life. At the penultimate instar the larvae were fairly densely clothed in whitish grey hairs, partly hiding the body mark- ings which had become darker, and included a dark dorsal line. The deep yellow colour fore and aft being still visible through the hairs. In addition there were long slender tufts of black hairs at the front and rear of the larva, reminding one of some of the Lymantriids. In the final instar the likeness to the Lymantriids was increased when further long slender tufts, some black and others white, made their appearance, the thoracic tufts point- ing upwards, sideways, and straight forward, whilst a pair of black tufts on the eleventh segment were directed outwards and rearwards at an angle of about 45° to the body. At this stage the remainder of the body was covered with greyish brown tufts of shorter hairs. In September the full-fed larvae descended to the bottom of the cage, and constructed their light greyish-brown close- fitting cocoons, with more body hairs than silk. Some were just below the soil surface and others were spun en masse on top of the soil. The cocoons were not attached to any- thing, and even where several larvae had selected the same corner of the cage, the individual cocoons were not attached to each other, and were very easily separable. The shining reddish brown pupae were typical Arctiid shape, and the moths which emerged the following June were surprisingly large for the cocoons which had contained them. The illustration of this moth in W. J. Holland’s The Moth Book does not do full justice to this species, either in the earlier edition or in the later one. The body and legs are pale yellow. The ground colour of all the wings is light cream, and the darker cross lines of the forewings are finely edged with black. The forewing markings are quite distinct, but the hind- wings are without markings. On the edge of the lappets there is a small pale blue streak which is nevertheless conspicuous on account of its strongly contrasting colour. — Jonn L. GreGory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 6.ii.1971. THE FUTURE OF THE NEW Forest. — Many readers will probably be aware that the future of the New Forest is at present under consideration, the outcome of which could cause probably more profound changes than at any time past. Basically it is whether the forest should be developed to a far greater extent for the production of softwoods (i.e. conifers). I understand that the Minister of Agriculture, who will be making the decision, is intending to visit the New 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 Forest in April to assess the case for or against such develop- ment. It need hardly be said that despite its comparatively depleted state compared with earlier days, it is still a valuable reserve for all forms of wild life and also provides a most essential area of ‘‘wilderness” for the increasingly heavily populated and over-developed counties of Southern England. It would, I think, be most beneficial if anyone who feels as I do that the New Forest is an asset too valuable to lose to mere timber production, would write to the Minister of Agri- culture before April, and also to his M.P. Such action just may help to save a unique and splendid heritage.—S. L. MEREpITH, 283 The Broadway, Dudley, Worcs. iasl9iAls Current Literature A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of Spain by W. B. L. Manley and H. G. Alleard, 192pp+41 coloured plates; E. W. Classey, £15. With the increasing travel facilities available, the study of entomology in an ever widening sphere has become possible to many more people interested in the subject. In some cases the travellers have published their observations for the benefit of others contemplating similar journeys, but in all too few cases has it been possible for them to collect their observations and those of others into a comprehensive book which can serve amateur and professional entomogists alike. The present book is the result of many visits to the Iberian collecting grounds, and in their Introduction the authors explain the scope of the work, their sources of information, and their methods of setting these out in the book. They appreciate the fact that some of the conclusions reached may not be the last word on the subject, and they must be congratulated for hav- ing set these conclusions down none the less, for failure to publish deprives those who would follow the matters up of the foundations for their work. The treatise follows, in which the species are treated in- dividually. It is divided into four parts, the main part being notes on the species of the Iberian peninsula, including France on the south side of the Pyrenees and Andorra. The smaller sections cover the Balearic Islands, The Canary Islands, and Madeira respectively. In dealing with the species, the authors have left the descriptions in the main to the excellent coloured plates, and begin with general notes on the species, including outstanding features, the terrain favoured, and its range. This is followed by a general note on its variation, and mention is made of any subspecies or forms described from the area. In the smaller sections, in the case of the Balearic Islands, all the species are known also from the mainland, and mention is only made of one or two of particular interest in the notes on the fauna. In the cases of the Canaries and Madeira, the species CURRENT LITERATURE 119 are mentioned individually as in the main treatise but only details concerned with the local forms and habits are men- tioned. The authors are to be congratulated on their hard work in coordinating the great amount of information available from their own research work and from their many helpers with their own observations. The main treatise is followed by a systematic check-list, divided similarly to the treatise, with a reference to Zerkowitz, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 54: 51-87, 115-165, 211-261 for a list of the species to be found in Portugal. Synonymy and references to original descriptions being given for species and sub-species. The Bibliography section is divided so as to be available for easy reference into General publications, those referring to the Balearic Islands, to the Canary Islands, to France south of the Pyrenees, and Andorra, to Gibraltar, to Madeira, and to Portu- gal. In all, nearly 600 titles are mentioned. A short list of addenda covers four species added since the writing of the book. The alphabetical index includes genera, species and sub- species, with synonyms in italics, reference being made both to the mention in the systematic list and the treatise, the main paragragh dealing with the insect being in heavy type. The coloured plates illustrate the species and sub-species, the name and data for each specimen being given on the tracing paper fly leaf or leaves preceeding the plate. Where the absence of material from the particular district under dis- cussion has made it necessary to include a specimen from else- where to illustrate the subject, the fact is mentioned in the data, and the entry is also marked by an asterisk. These specimens are included to give an idea of the insect in question but the authors call attention to the fact that they must not be taken as exact representatives. These plates are composed of specimens specially selected from the collections of the authors, supplemented where necessary by specimens on loan from the British Museum (Natural History), the Hope Depart- ment of the Oxford Museum, and from various private collec- tions. The mounting of these specimens for photographing is a task which must have called for the greatest skill and patience to bring all the insects into focus, for each plate is photo- graphed as a whole. The very few blemishes to be found in these 41 plates, which comprise 1155 actual specimens, speak volumes for Mr F. Hall’s work in photographing them. Most of these consist of pencilled border lines which had to be in- cluded because one or more specimens had overlapped the line, and in no way detract from the value of the plate. The small remainder consists of cases where portions of an insect are slightly out of focus, but these are very few indeed. The quarto format allows for a good clear type; the paper is of good quality, and the binding strong. The plates are 120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 specially bound in after the letterpress, and these are on good art paper, with the captions, as mentioned, on strong tracing paper fly leaves. The edition is limited, and should soon sell out, for it is a book which should be included in the libraries of all natural history museums and scientific university libraries, beside hav- ing a strong appeal to all those private workers able to afford the price.—S.N.A.J. The Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago, by Malcolm Barcant; 314 pp.+28 Plates (16 in colour), Collins, 8vo. £2.75. The Author, with nearly fifty years of experience behind him, sets out with this work to bring the joys of studying butterflies to the young and inexperienced people of the islands, rather than to produce a scientific text book for students, though students will only have themselves to blame if they ignore the book on that account. For his purpose he pre- supposes ignorance of entomology and explains matters for the beginner. The better informed may avoid this part if they wish, but I have always resented instructors who fail in their task because they have not the courage to risk the displeasure of a few stilted know-alls in their audience by explaining the simple as well as the complicated. Six hundred and seventeen species are recorded from these islands, of which 230 belong to the Hesperiidae; the 387 others all receive individual treatment, but the Hesperiidae are only given treatment by family representatives, which should enable the reader to identify the genus. They are, however, fully listed in the systematic list. The author opens with a short description of the four stages of the life cycle; section 2 is headed “The Butterfly, a study” and first deals with its structure, illustrated on the opposite page by annotated drawings. The nervous system, breathing and circulation, and breeding are the subjects of sub-headings. A compliment is paid to the almost complete friendliness of butterflies to man, and finally, a rough idea of nomenclature is given. Section 3, headed “Enemies, protective devices, rarity” groups the enemies as parasites, predatory animals and insects, the natural elements, and man. Against these are mentioned the many protective devices and finally refers to the rarity or common-ness of certain species as a direct result of these devices are enemies mentioned. Section 4 covers methods of collecting and completes Part I. It mentions certain aspects of collecting met with in the tropics. Mention is also made of the Riker mount system, where the pin is extracted after setting and the specimens placed on cotton wool in shallow glass-lidded drawers. Part IJ commences with the subject of population and men- tions the general decline in butterfly populations as one moves away from the equator. The author mentions the numbers of butterfly species found in various Caribbean islands, showing CURRENT LITERATURE 12) Trinidad having far and away the most species of any. This is followed by a brief historical note, mentioning collectors of note who have worked the area under discussion; this ranges from 1891 to the present time. There follow notes on the local seasons and collecting grounds, at first in general, and then listing 32 favourite collecting grounds with a short des- cription of each and a map showing their positions and also features separating the north side of Trinidad from the south. These sites are finally tabulated showing what families and genera may be expected from each. This is followed by family classification in which each family receives attention. The popular names of the groups included head its paragraph and the salient points are set out in simple form, giving habits and habitats, rarity, variation, early stages and other details. In all 13 families are represented. There follows a six page table of the families and genera with headings: Flight, Resting, Feed- ing, Rarity, Association, Time of Activity, Migration, Distribu- tion and Environment. This table is important to the reader, for, in this work the author has grouped the butterfly fauna under habits, habitats, etc. Section 6 gives information of this grouping and instructions on how to use the book, the eleven groups adopted being listed. Thereafter these groups are taken in turn and their species detailed under families, with serial number, scientific name, vernacular name and page reference for the illustration. These are followed by range, foodplant, description, and habits and habitat. The plates also bear cross references to the descriptions. The plates, both coloured and half tone should give good guidance to the collector, and although the colour work can- not be described as first class, it is a very long way from deserving adverse criticism, and I only mention the quality of the colour having in mind the really superb colour work in some more expensive books recently published. The systematic list follows with references to serial number, plate number and page number. The species occurring also in Tobago have this fact noted. This again, is followed by a list of vernacular names with the same serial number and page references, and finally there are half a dozen blank pages left for the collector’s own notes. The author’s departure from the conventional systematic arrangement leaves one wondering whether this is going to be of assistance to the amateur collector or not, but it may well be that his long experience has shown it to be so. The more scientifically minded reader is left, however, to refer to several plates, sometimes some distance apart, to enable him to com- pare members of a genus. Let us not, however, be too critical of this, but rejoice that resident collectors and visitors have now a reasonably priced pocket sized book to use in the de- termination of their catches: after all, it is made clear that the book is firstly intended for the use of beginners, and the more sophisticated will certainly find it easier to carry 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/3/71-15/4/71 around than the relative volume or volumes of Seitz! As travel facilities make it progressively easier to visit distant places, there should be an increasing demand for excellent small books of this nature.—S.N.A.J. The Norwegian Species of Tribus Olethreutini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lep., Tortricidae) by M. Opheim. (Ent. scand. I, 1970: 241-257). In this paper, Mr Opheim mentions 59 species of Olethreu- tini from Norway of which Eudemis porphyrana Hibn., Apotomis fraterculana Krogerus, A. algidana Krogerus and Argyroploce tiedemanniana Zeller make new records for Nor- way. Of the 59 species, the author withdraws Endothenia oblongana Haworth in a postcript, after Mr Jakh had pointed out probable confusion with E. marginana Haworth. The paper is in the English language and the author has given a short account of each species, illustrated with some genitalia details of closely allied species, distribution maps for Apotomis algidana and A. demissana Kennel, and photographs of Apotomis and Endothenia species. This paper is another of this author’s efforts to get the Norwegian microlepidoptera covered by up-to-date information, and is a valuable contribu- tion.—S.N.A.J. Two papers from Josef Moucha from Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 12: 35-42 and 13: 67-70 give an account of macrolepidoptera encountered during two Czechoslovak expeditions into Mongolia. These are in the Ger- man language and some 92 species are mentioned. From Alfred Borkowski I have a separate from Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne entitled Studien an Stigmelliden (Lepidoptera) Teil Il. Fedalmia thymi sp.n.—eine neue Art aus Mitteleuropa. An account is given of this new species with a black and white drawing of the adult, the male genitalia, and also the interesting mine, which involves two leaves of Thymus pannonicus All., the larva moving from one leaf to the other by boring through the leaf stems and the branch. There are also two photographs of typical localities for this species, and it is hoped that microlepidopterists visiting similar sites will find time to look for these interesting mines.—S.N.A.J. The Teen International Entomology Group Newsletter, Fall 1970, Vol. 5, No. 3, has just reached me. This contains abstracts of six papers by young finalists with entomological projects in the 21st International Science Fair held in Baltimore, Mary- land. These include four projects with Drosophila, and others with a beetle, a satyrid butterfly, and the American cockroach. There are many and varied articles of personal and scientific interest; an assembling cage is described, and there is a table setting out food and locality for 17 Sphingidae species. It is good to see that this active junior society seems still to prosper; these juniors are the seniors of tomorrow.—S.N.A.J. R. N. BAXTER Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a Speciality 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England Mail Orders Only In your Replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS TEN DRAWER UNIT INSECT SECTIONS STORE BOXES INSECT DISPLAY CASES MICROSLIDE CABINETS Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. II This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) IS EAE TILE LIT CLEP EE PTS EE EL LL TE EPS ET ET EET ET ES STI TS FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would ‘ike to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streathan., London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOCISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the youn:er or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. INTERNATIONAL BUTTERFLIES 53 Courtfield Avenue CHATHAM, KENT PLEASE SEND FOR CATALOGUE. (MAIL ORDER ONLY) THE LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macro-Lepidoptera) Separates of the collected instalments which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are now available on application to: The Editor of The Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds 2 Price 10/- plus 4d postage BUTTERFLIES FROM MADAGASCAR SELECTION OF PAPERED LEPIDOPTERA, Al QUALITY For price list please write Pucheu Gerard, B.P.46, Tananarive, Madagascar EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa, Madagascar and other countries, also Europe. Sometimes livestock. List on request by sending International Postal Coupon.—Robert Keiser, Frederick Van Eeden Plein 3, B-2050 Antwerp, Belgium. SEITZ Bombyces (all regions). — Wanted good second-hand bound volumes, Text and Plates. Full details including price asked to The Butterfly Centre, ‘Plummer’, Tenterden, Kent. Wanted to Purchase.—Large or small collections of Tropical Butterflies. —Write to C. P. Sturgess-Lief, Gymindge Brook Cottage, Sellinge, Nr. Ashford, Kent. For Sale-—Mahogany 36-Drawer Cabinet, drawers 17” X17” newly corked, £60.—R. G. Chatelain, 36 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. Tel. 20339. Museum of Entomological Materials of Historic Interest.—I have formed a small museum of entomological materials of historic interest, including items of early collecting equipment, photographs and curiosities. Among the objects that I particularly desire to locate are examples of the Clap Net, Umbrella Net (cord and pulley operated), old Oil and Acetylene Collecting Lamps (not bicycle or pressure lamps), and old photos of collectors and entomological apparatus. If anyone has any such items they think might be of interest, I should be glad if they would kindly communicate with me.—J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. Seek persons currently rearing Abraxas grossulariata please correspond.— Vinton Thompson Botany Building, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIl., U.S.A. 60637. Isle of Wight—Furnished Bungalow overlooking Sandown Bay, (3 Bed- rooms sleep 6) convenient for several good collecting areas. Would ex- change for similar accommodation. Short periods Europe/UK or may possibly rent.—Gerald Hanrahan, 20 Riverpark Drive, Marlow, Bucking- shire England. Furnished Cottage to Let during May and first half June in Roundstone on Lake Connemara. Reasonable terms, accomodates four persons.— Apply Mrs M. G. Evans, “Bennear”, Foxrock, Co. Dublin, Eire. CONTENTS: Vol. 83, Second Fart, No. 3 March and No. 4 April Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lep.) A. M. EMMET .. Papilio cinyras ridens Fass! A new status (Lepidoptera: Papili- onidae). JOHN H. MASTERS Proclossiana eunomia Esper in Andorra. J. V. DACIE The possible existence of temporal Sub-speciation in Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) GEORGE THOMSON .. [The Manx Race of Maniola eae (le) Tee: Gun aoe GEORGE THOMSON By & Inverness-shire in 1970. G. W. HARPER .. A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke (Lepidoptera: Lycaeni- dae) from the Roggeveld Mountains of the Cape Province. D. A. SWANEPOEL 6 Bt of ‘ be New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1970. L. W. SIGGS Corrigenda. GEORGE THOMSON A Review of the Butterflies in the Bristol Area. A. D. R. BROWN .. The Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund .. A Note on the Genera Adrama Walker and Meracanthomyia Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae). V. C. KAPOOR .. ne ae Warwickshire M.V. Recordings, 1970. Parascotia. DAVID BROWN Parascotia fuliginaria L. R. A. WATSON Obituary: Archibald John Wightman, 1884-1971. G. M. HAGGETT Cosymbia puppillaria Huebner in Britain. R. F. BRETHERTON .. Helophilus consimilis Malm. (Diptera: Syrphidae) in East Glamorgan. A. W. PEARCY ve AS se a a Halisodota tessellaris Abbot and Smith heh. :Arctiidae). JOHN L. GREGORY .. : se The Future of the New Forest. S. L. MEREDITH Current Literature: A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of ne ak W. B. L. MANLEY and H.G. ALLCARD .. i The Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago. MALCOLM BARCANT oe = a At a ae ys The Norwegian Species of Tribus Olethreutini, 1946 (Lep.:: Tortricidae). MAGNE OPHEIM .. ifs S. ws Macrolepidoptera of Mongolia. JOSEF MOUCHA Studien an Stigmelliden (Lepidoptera) Fedalmia thymi sp. n— eine neue art aus Mitteleuropa. ALFRED BOROWSKI THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WORLD We are pleased to offer an unparalleled service to the collector, both specialist and beginner. Our huge stocks of world lepidoptera contain many great rarities as well as the better-known species. We have contacts in all parts of the world and new material arrives daily. We may have just the specimen you are looking for among the large and important collections we have purchased. If you are a collector of the butterflies of the world you just cannot afford to miss our monthly published lists. These lists are sent out every month of the year. In addition to butterflies they will contain offers of second- hand cabinets, new equipment, livestock and bargain . specimen lots. We are also pleased to offer our general catalogue of the complete range of collecting, breeding and storage equipment. Please send for our catalogue and details of monthly lists to: — THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER, TENTERDEN, KENT | THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION | (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonsEcA, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. 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All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. * SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. {SPS SESE SS ES REE ETN ETE ET ST RSE TET I SS I OE IESE SC CIT T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND | ‘SOL. 83 No. 5 May 1971 ww Lavy how Lonsec 9 THE 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S 3 RECORD : AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 3 Edived by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. REP OLIER? ELIE OLIEEN OIE OTA GLI BLILAOTIET" OTIAIOL IEA BLIRGY ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DU NUARY :— GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a ae .. 35/- Post Free OTHER COUNTRIES .. ye Be Ae a ae .. 40/- Post Free Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent AQSEPESPSGSEP AD SSP ASAP SDSSSPSVeE SEBS LEPTIN ES EMOTE CID LTE OL EN CTENOLIEM ES EN CER OS) ~~ BLISHED MONTHL PRICE 5/- (25p) we Cc A Handbook of. Water Plants By Eva M. Burshe Translated by Hella Czech This book is a simple and concise guide to the plants that grow in or near ponds, streams and lakes. The author, an experienced botanist who has devoted many years to the study of these plants, also gives authoritative information on their habitats, botan- ical features, economic value and importance in fishing waters. For each of the nearly one hundred plants described there is a carefully detailed line illustration, and often an additional illustration of enlarged details to make identification even easier. This is essentially a practical book which should be appreciated not only by botanists and other natur- alists, but also by all whose occupation or interest takes them to the water. ISBN 0 7232 1295 3 65p net WARNE 1-4 Bedford Court, London WC2E 9JB PLATE V 1. U. clareae sp. n. 3 Holotype, Fiji, Savusavu. 2. U. l. stigmata Roths. §, Fiji, Lautoka. 3. U. p. marshallorum Roths. 6, Fiji, Savusavu. 123 The Genus Utetheisa Hiibner in Fiji with a description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) By GADEN S. ROBINSON (Department of Zoology, University of Durham) South Road, Durham City, England Summary A new species of Utetheisa Hiibner is described from Fiji. The morphology, distribution and biology of the three described Utetheisa species inhabiting the western Pacific is reviewed. A possible explanation of their relationship to the Asian and Papuan representatives of the genus is discussed. Introduction When Jordan (1939) revised and redescribed the Old World species of the genus Utetheisa Hiibner very few specimens from the south-west Pacific were available and only a single Fijian specimen of the genus, this in the Tring Museum. Roepke (1941) revised the Javanese species but, apparently ignorant of Jordan’s work, synonymised Utetheisa pulchel- loides Hampson with Utetheisa lotrix (Cramer) and described a specimen of U. lotrix as a new species, indica Roepke. Viette (1950) synonymised indica with lotrix. Viette (1949) referred to U. salomonis Rothschild as U. lotrix (Cramer) subsp. salomonis Rothschild and recorded Utetheisa pulchella (L.) from the New Hebrides and Gambier Is. I consider that the New Hebrides and Gambier Is. ‘“nulchella”’ are specimens of U. lotrix stigmata Rothschild and U. pulchelloides marshallorum Rothschild as Viette (1950) recorded the two latter species from the respective localities above. Viette (1950) referred to U. salomonis Roths. as U. pulchelloides Hampson subsp. salomonis Roths. Fletcher (1957) recorded U. salomonis Roths. as a good species from Rennell and Bellona Is. (British Solomon Islands Protectorate). Comstock (1966) recorded U. p. marshallorum Roths. from Tutuila, American Samoa, and mentioned in- dividuals with a somewhat different appearance from Swain’s I., American Samoa. This latter observation will be mentioned again below. Bhattacherjee and Gupta (1969) revised the Indian repre- sentatives of Utetheisa and recognised five sympatric species, an apparent fragmentation of U. pulchella (L.) at the edge of its range. Collections of Utetheisa have been made on the island of Viti Levu, Fiji, by H. S. Robinson and me. A number of speci- mens were collected at Savusavu, central southern Vanua Levu, Fiji, in March 1970 by H. S. Robinson. On examination, the latter collection was found to be apparently divisible into three groups of specimens on the basis of wing pattern. Jordan 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 16/57 fa (1939) recorded U. lotrix stigmata Roths. from Fiji and one group, clearly separable from the rest in that the males possess no line of scent-hairs in the anal fold of the hindwing, is clearly referable to this species. The two other groups were both found to possess an anal fold scent-organ of apparently identical structure in the two groups and at first glance, both might be identified as U. pulchelloides marshallorum Roths. Indeed, one group is clearly this species, specimens of which were found by H. S. R. flying around flower-beds near the shore with stigmata, two hundred yards away from where specimens of the third group were collected, on or flying around a bush of Messerschmidia argentea (Linn. f.) Boragin- aceae). Larvae collected from this same bush by H. S. R. and me in December 1969 and by H.S.R. in March 1970 produced only adults referable to this third group (H.S.R. pers. comm.). The third group differ from marshallorum in wing pattern, vesica ornamentation and antennal structure in the male and the shape of the female seventh sternite. This third group of specimens is described as a new species below and the charac- teristics of the other Utetheisa species inhabiting the south- west Pacific are discussed. All type material and genitalia preparations have been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), (B.M. (N.H.)). Scale lines on all drawings are 1 mm.; on the plate 1 cm. Utetheisa clareae sp.n. Male: Wings patterned as in plate fig. 1. Forewing yellow- buff patterned with black and bright scarlet. Head and pro- thorax bright yellow dorsally, meso- and metathorax pale buff patterned with black. Abdomen white. Hindwing with fold in anal angle containing pale yellow scent-hairs. Antenna (fig. 1) with well-defined pectinations. Genitalia similar to U. salomonis Roths.; vesica with extensive scobinate area but only one group of cornuti (fig. 5). Tip of valve straight (fig. 1d); Female: Similarly patterned to the male. Seventh sternite with a narrow, elongate medial emargination posteriorly (fig. 8). Diagnosis: Immediately separable from U. p. marshallorum Roths. and U. l. stigmata Roths. by wing pattern (compare plate figs. 1, 2 and 3) but wing pattern is similar to that of salomonis. Male possesses scent organ in hindwing, absent in salomonis and stigmata. Vesica with only one group of cornuti: marshallorum and salomonis have two (compare figs. 9 and 6). Stigmata has a single large cornutus. Tip of valve more flattened than in marshallorum (compare figs. 11 and 10), and similar to that of salomonis (compare figs. 11 and 9). Antenna of male differs substantially from marshallorum (compare figs. 1 and 2) but similar to that of salomonis (com- pare fig. 1 with 3 and 4.) Females are separable from those of marshallorum on the shape of the seventh sternite (com- THE GENUS UTETHESIA HUBNER IN F'lJI 25 pare figs. 7 and 8). Holotype: ¢, Fiji, Vanua Levu, Savusavu, Namale Estate, 27-29.iii.1970 (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: ¢,2 2°, same data as holotype, in B.M.(N.H.). Distribution: Known only from the type-locality. Biology: Larvae feed on Messerschmidia argentea (Linn. f.), and were taken in large numbers on a bush just above high-water mark. The bush was always partly defoliated by the continuous-brooded larvae. No dispersal has been noted, the adults remaining firmly attached to the bush on which they developed. The individuals on a bush are thus thought to be much inbred. WM. argentea is the foodplant of U. p. marshallorum Roths. throughout its range. Marshallorum Roths. is recorded as feeding on M. argentea on Viti Levu by R. H. Phillips (1937) but the specimens on which this record was based do not appear to have survived so we do not know whether Phillips’ “pulchelloides” was pulchelloides or clareae. The foodplant of Marshallorum on Vanua Levu in the possibly competitive presence of clareae is unknown. Messerschmidia is the only native member of the Boraginaceae in Fiji (Parham, 1964) and marshallorum is not known to feed on anything but Messerschmidia. The colony of clareae at Savusava occupies two Messerschmidia bushes twenty yards apart. The colonies appear to be composed of only clareae. The origin of the day- flying specimens of marshallorum collected two hundred yards from the clareae colony is a mystery. Remarks: Comstock (1966: 16) states: “We also took a series of Utetheisa on Swain’s I. which had a uniformly larger wingspan, and heavier red spots on the primaries than the Tutuila examples. This may well represent an unnamed race or subspecies of U. pulchelloides. The larvae were observed there feeding on the same tree, Messerschmidia (=Tournefortia), Samoan name Tausuni’’. I cannot locate Comstock’s specimens from Swain’s I. but it is unlikely, though possible, that they might represent U. clareae. In Fiji U. clareae has a slightly smaller wingspan than U. p. marshallorum Roths. but its red spots are heavier. If, like clareae, marshallorum lives in discrete, inbreeding colonies, it is likely that each colony will exhibit a consistent wing pattern which could well differ slightly from that ex- pressed in a series from a different island or even a different colony on the same island. Further observations will no doubt resolve this question and that of the problems of co- existence of two Messerschmidia—feeding species on Vanua Levu. Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson subsp. marshallorum Rothschild Hampson (1907): Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 19: 239. Rothschild (1910): Nov. zool., 17: 182, no. 52. 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD NSy/ey/ 7A Male: A male Fijian specimen is illustrated on plate fig. 3. Forewings cream marked with black and scarlet. Hindwing with scent-organ, white marked with black. Abdomen white; head and thorax markings similar to those of U. l. stigmata Roths. Jordan (1939: 282) describes the subspecies and figures the male genitalia of U. pulchelloides subsp. vaga Jor- dan (ibidem) (258, fig. 228). The aedeagus and everted vesica are illustrated in fig. 6 and the tip of the valve in fig. 10. Jordan (1939: 285, figs. 250, 251) illustrates the antenna: the antennal segments of a Fijian specimen are shown in fig. 2. Female: Similarly patterned to the male; illustrated by Comstock 1966, (pl. III, fig. 1). The seventh sternite is illus- trated in fig. 7. Diagnosis: Separable from U. clareae by its indented hind- wing pattern and less dense forewing markings (see diagnosis for clareae). Males with hair fold in hindwing immediately separable from U. l. stigmata. Local distribution: Known only from Savusavu, central southern Vanua Levu. This species is presumed to be present on Viti Levu from the notes made by Phillips (see above) but we have not found it. World distribution: U. pulchelloides ranges eastward from Madagascar through the Oriental region forming a number of subspecies (see Jordan, 1939). U. p. marshallorum Roths, inhabits an arc from Wake I. and Bikini southwards through the Marshall Islands and Gilbert and Ellice Is. to Fiji and south- east to Tonga. It occurs in Samoa and the Tokelau Is. and its range extends further south-eastwards from Samoa to the Cook Is. and on to the Society Is. and Tuamotu Archipelago reaching the eastern limit of its range in the Gambier Islands. Biology: U. p. marshallorum feeds on Messerschmidia argentea (Linn. f.) throughout its range. Comstock (1966: 16) described its life history on Tutuila, American Samoa, and illustrated the egg, larva, and pupa in colour (ibidem pl. IV, fies): Legend to figures . clareae sp. n. Paratype—part of ¢ antenna. . p. marshallorum Roths. Fiji—part of ¢ antenna. . sdlomonis Roths. Loyalty Is.—part of ¢ antenna. . salomonis Roths. Guadalcanal—part of ¢ antenna. . clareae sp. n. Holotype—aedeagus with vesica everted. p. marshallorum Roths. Tokelau Is.—aedeagus with vesica everted. . p. marshallorum Roths. Fiji—Q sternite VII. . clareae sp. n. Paratype—®Q sternite VII. . salomonis Roths. Loyalty Is.—tip of valve. . p. marshalloruwm Roths. Tokelau Is.—tip of valve. . clareae sp. n. Holotype—tip of valve. Ooh WH Se ereicie ss Re} SiS) Stseis THE GENUS UTETHESIA HUBNER IN FIJI AA 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD laysay/ifal Utetheisa salomonis Rothschild Rothschild (1910): Nov. zool., 17: 181 Male: Illustrated by Rothschild in Seitz (1914: pl. 13k as ruberrima, pl. 24g as salomonis). Pattern extremely variable, similar to U. clareae but black markings much more extensive. The medial antennal segments of a male from “Guadalcanar”’ (Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands Protectorate) are illus- tated in fig. 4 and the corresponding segments from a speci- men from the Loyalty Islands in fig. 3. The latter appear to be of slightly more robust structure, a little larger than those of the Guadalcanal specimen. Jordan (1939: 277) redescribes the species and illustrates (ibid.: 277, fig. 242) the valve. Viette (1950: 86) illustrates the uncus and valve. Hindwing without scent-organ but there is evidence that this character once present, has been lost (Jordan, 1939: 264). The tip of the valve is illustrated in fig. 9. Female: Similarly patterned to the male. Diagnosis: Characteristic wing pattern. Differs from U. clareae and U. p. marshallorum Roths. in absence of scent- organ in male hindwing. Aedeagus and vesica similar to that of marshallorum but tip of valve shaped differently (compare figs. 9 and 10). Antennal segments different from those of marshallorum (compare figs. 2, 3 and 4). Black markings much more extensive than in U. l. stigmata which does not have dentate male antennae. Local distribution: Not known to occur in Fiji. World distribution: From New Britain south-eastward to the Loyalty Islands through the Solomons and New Hebrides. Apparently not recorded from the Santa Cruz and Banks Islands or New Caledonia. All too few specimens are known of this interesting species. Biology: Details of life history and foodplant unknown. Possibly feeds on Boraginaceae (? Messerschmidia) in common with U. p. marshallorum Roths. and U. clareae. Remarks: I follow Jordan (1939) and Fletcher (1957) in considering salomonis as a good species. Utetheisa lotrix (Cramer) subsp. stigmata Rothschild Cramer (1777): Pap. Exot. ii, pp. 29 and 149, pl. 109, figs. e and f. Rothschild (1910): Nov. zool., 17: 182, no. 48. Male: A male Fijian specimen is figured on plate fig. 2. Forewings cream patterned with black and red; hindwing white patterned with black. Head and prothorax pale yellow marked with black; abdomen white. Jordan (1939: 289) re- describes the species and figures the genitalia (ibidem: 258, fig. 229) as does Roepke (1941: 6 and fig. c on page 3 respec- tively) under the name indica Roepke. Viette (1950: 86) figures the valve and uncus. The vesica bears a scobinate area and a single large cornutus. Female: Similarly patterned to the male. Jordan (1939; THE GENUS UTETHESIA HUBNER IN FIJI 129 258, fig. 233) figures sternite VII. Diagnosis: Apart from the highly characteristic male genitalia with the posterior ventral edge of the valve extended and clothed with stout spines and with a much wider uncus than the other three species considered here, the wing mark- ings of U. l. stigmata Roths. are distinctive. The head and