Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 485 Joint Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry, WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief and the Bureau of Crop Estimates, L. M. ESTABROOK, Chief Washington, D. C. January 20, 1917 APPLES: PRODUCTION ESTIMATES AND IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS AND VARIETIES By H. P. GOULD, Bureau of Plant Industry, and FRANK ANDREWS, Bureau of Crop Estimates CONTENTS Statistical Estimates of Varieties Important Centers or Areas of Apple duction New England States . . Middle Atlantic States . . East North-Central States West North-Central States South Atlantic States . . East South-Central States Pro Page 1 Page Important Centers or Areas of Apple Pro- duction— Continued West South-Central States .... 29 Mountain States 31 Pacific States 36 Estimated Relative Proportion of Early and Late Apples in Different States . . 43 Estimated Annual Production, 1890 to 1916 44 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 tarn UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , BULLETIN No. 485 Joint Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief, and the Bureau of Crop Esti- S S*W4, mates, L. M. ESTABROOK, Chief *S^V^**TU Washington, D. C. January 20, 1917 APPLES: PRODUCTION ESTIMATES AND IM- PORTANT COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS AND VARIETIES. By H. P. Gould, Bureau of Plant Industry, and Frank Andrews, Bureau of Crop Estimates. CONTENTS. Page. Statistical estimates of varieties 1 Important centers or areas of apple produc- tion 8 New England States 14 Middle Atlantic States 16 East North-Central States 18 West North-Central States 20 South Atlantic States 24 East South-Central States 27 Page. Important centers or areas of apple produc- tion—Continued. West South-Central States 29 Mountain States 31 Pacific States 36 Estimated relative proportion of early and late apples in different States 43 Estimated annual production, 1890 to 1916. . 44 STATISTICAL ESTIMATES OF VARIETIES. From a study made in 1910 of nursery catalogues issued for that year it appeared that the nurserymen of the United States were then offering to the trade trees of at least 500 different varieties of apples. It is to be assumed there was some demand for most of the varieties catalogued, otherwise there would have been no inducement to propa- gate them. The number of varieties offered for sale at the present time is doubtless somewhat less than it was in 1910, as there is a tendency to decrease rather than to increase it, but the decrease is not very rapid. Note. — This bulletin is of general interest to those concerned with the apple industry. The information which it contains in regard to the areas where apple's are grown exten- sively and the principal varieties produced in them is based largely on reports received from correspondents who were requested to supply such information and who were ad- dressed in this connection because of their familiarity with the fruit interests in the States in which they live. All diagrams and figures showing estimates, except as noted, have been contributed by the Bureau of Crop Estimates. 63664°— Bull. 485—17 1 2 BULLETIN" 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. However, the number of varieties that are produced in large quan- tities is relatively small. This is shown in figure 1, where each bar represents the estimated average relative proportion of the variety indicated in the crops for 1909 to 1913, inclusive. The proportions are shown also in Table I in barrels and percentages. The total yield is based on the report of the Thirteenth Census (for 1909) and upon the reports of crop correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. Table I. — Estimated average production of 35 of the most important varieties of apples, showing the percentage relation of each variety to the entire crop, for the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive. Variety. White Pearmain ( White Win- ter Pearmain) Arkansas ( Mammoth Black Twig) Missouri ( Missouri Pippin).. Wolf River Arkansas Black Mcintosh ( Mcln tosh Red) Horse ( Yellow Horse) Northwestern Tolman ( Taiman Sweet) Gravenstein Pameuse {Snow) Tompkins King {King of Tompkins County) G olden Russet , Yellow Bellflower Yellow Transparent Stayman Winesap , Red June ( Carolina Red June) Limbertwig {Red Limbertwig). Gano Yellow Newtown (A Ibemarle; Newtown Pippin) , Rela- Produc- tion to tion. total crop. Parrels. Per ct. 269,000 0.5 393,000 .7 499,000 .8 503,000 .9 526,000 .9 530,000 .9 545,000 .9 553,000- .9 592, 000 1.0 619,000 1.1 775,000 1.3 797,000 1.4 830, 000 1.4 845, 000 1.4 893,000 1.5 907, 000 1.5 914, 000 1.6 915,000 1.6 927, 000 1.6 968,000 1.6 Variety. Fall Pippin Oldenburg {Duchess of Olden- burg) Red Astrachan Maiden Blush York Imperial {Johnson Fine Winter) Grimes {Grimes Golden) Wealthy Early Harvest {Prince's Har- vest) Rome Beauty Jonathan Rhode Island Greening {Greening) Winesap Northern Spy Ben Davis B aldwin Other varieties Total Produc- tion. Barrels. 988,000 1,097,000 1,120,000 1,203,000 1,262,000 1,294,000 1,322,000 1,641,000 1,813,000 2,135,000 2,767,000 3,012,000 3,570,000 7,833,000 7,861,000 6,109,000 58,827,000 Rela- tion to total crop. Per ct. 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.8 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.1 6.1 13.3 13.4 10.4 100 It is to be observed that there are but 35 varieties named in figure 1 and Table I, or only about 7 per cent of the number which doubt- less were being planted more or less in different parts of the country during the period covered by these records. These 35 varieties in- clude all those which constituted, as estimated, one-half of 1 per cent (0.5 per cent) or more of the entire crox3 of the country. It will be noted also that these 35 varieties constituted nearly 90 per cent of the entire crop, while " other varieties," that is, those not mentioned by name and which doubtless numbered several hun- dred, 1 comprised but little more than 10 per cent of the whole crop. The relative number of these varieties which are now prominent is destined to change materially within the next few years. Cer- tain ones in the list, such as Missouri and Limbertwig, have been 1 This number can not well be determined even approximately, as it doubtless includes varieties growing in the older orchards which are not now propagated by nurserymen. PRINCIPAL APPLE YAKIETIES. 4 BULLETIN 4S5, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. planted but very little in recent years, though they are in many of the older orchards at the present time. The same thing is true in a measure of Ben Davis, which in 1915 comprised a larger propor- tion of the crop than any other single variety, as shown in the esti- mates in Table II. It has not been planted so much during the past 5 or 10 years (either relatively or actually) as in former years, and in some sections where planted heavily at an earlier period it STATE BAV7&ELS A/EW rVRK 3, 6 6 /.OOO R£A/A/SYZ.'SA/V/A 4.403.000 M/SSOUR/- -.... .3.7S/.000 Af/CH/GAA/ 3,662.000 I7/RG/A//A 3. 040.000 OH/Q . . .2.373. OOO /temtuc/ik 2,3s /.ooo WEST IS/RGW/A . . . 2.028.000 /LLAA/O/S :. /.300.000 /A/D/AA/A '.824. OOO IAAASH/A/S70A/. /. 77/, OOO A/ORTH CAROL //VAU. 745.0OO TEA/A/ESSEE /.703.000 /OWA /.670.000 CAL/fOHH/A . /.S29.000 MA/A/E. /.432.000 SC4A/SAS Z.3/7,000 ARKA/ASAS- /. /40.000 OREGOA/- 389.000 COLORADO 344,000 MASSACHUSETTS. .337,000 A/EBRAS/fA. 33S.OOO H//SCO/VS//V. 775,000 A^ARrLAAAD 733,000 A/EW UERSEK. 667.000 yERMOtST. 647.000 CCAy/VECT/CUT. 6 36. OOO A/EWHAAVRSH/RE- -SO '/.OOO ADAHO 4//. OOO OKLAHOMA -386,000 GEORG/A 360,000 A-4/MSESOTA 333.COO ALABAMA 3/3. OOO MO/VX4/VA 24 2.000 AAE77MEX-/CO /S 9.0 OO UTAH. /67.000 SOUTH CAROL//VA. . / 6 2, OOO M/SS/SS/RR/ // O.OOO TEXAS- /OS, OOO RHODE JSLAA/D- _ . . /O/. OOO DELAWARE 3 6, OOO SOUTH OAMVTA 6S.OOO A/Ei7ADA SO.OOO 7V7/ZOA/A -• 34.COO ysrcM/ssG 7,000 Fig. 2.- — Diagram showing the estimated average relative proportion of different apple varieties in the crops of each State for the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive. Several varieties named in the " Key to varieties " are not separately referred to in the diagram. Because of the relatively small quantities in which the omitted varieties are produced in any one State they are included in " Other varieties." These varieties are given in the key, however, in order that the list may include all that are shown in figure 1 and Tables I and III. has proved unprofitable. The trees therefore have been dug up or worked over to other varieties, or the orchards virtually abandoned. On the other hand, some varieties, notably Stayman "Winesap and Mcintosh, have been planted extensively in the younger orchards in some sections. Comparatively few of these trees have reached full bearing age as yet, many in fact not having borne at all. The result of these changes in variety preference will be to modify ma- terially in the future the relative importance of several varieties / 1 S 3 i 2 i - : 5 7 - r - -,?. 35 ! ' 1 3 9\a\S\B\ 36 _J " • ■ * 6 \4\3\ 36 ,1 3 I / 2 5\ft 36 1 « 1 9\2 £ A 36 | / \2\7\. ifi 36 | ■£r to \7^./?/£ms5 2\4\7\z\ 36 | / 2 3 4 s 6 7 3 9 /O // /2 /3 "*. /S /6 /7 /a 7\2\ 3 6 I BALDW-VA 2 \6\ 36 | BESS DAS/S 2 | 36 HOR77-/£R,V SRy 6\7\ 36 M/VESAR «l*| 36 / R^ODE ASLA.vD GR££\;.'VG 4\J?V4 36 UOMATHASA 5 5 5 55 ROME BEAi/Ty /2 \/S\ 36 1 WEALTH V / | 36 yORK /MRER/AL 2\4\6\ 36 OLDE/JBURG S 1 36 | RED ASTRACHAA/ 37 1 YELLOW A/EWTOWAA fAL££A44R/£ PiRR/AAj 3 6> 36 GAAAO / | 36 L//V3ERTW/G 2\ 36 | YELLOW BELLELOWEh 37 \ GOLDEA/ RUSSET 37 | TOMPrOHS WA/G f\36 \ PAMEUSE rs/vOT7) 37 1 /3 RED 3UA/E /\36\ 20 STAYMAA/ 77//\ESA.O / \36\ 2/ WOLR R/iS£R 37 1 22 GRA^ENSTE/AI 37\ 23 7VLMAAA 37\ 24 RALL P/RRW 37\ 2S GR/MES 37\ 26 HORSE 37\ 27 MAJDEjV BLUSH' 37\ 28 A/ORTHWESTERA/ ~\37 23 YELLOW TRAA/SRAREAST ~}37 30 M/SSCUR/ A 37 3/ 4R/KAASSAS BLACh 137 32 £AR/y HAR'TEST ~\37 33 Afc/A/TOSH JS7 34 ARAC4ASSAS CMAA1MOTH SLACK TW/GJ . fs7 3S WH/TE PEARMA//V (Wh/TE 77//STEH E£AR/*?A/A.} J37 36 OTHER '7AH/ET/ES: 137 37 ALL U4R/E77ES \37 named in figure 1 and Table I. PEINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 5 The estimated production of the 22 principal sorts that comprised the crop of 1915 and the relation of each to the entire crop for that year are shown in Table II. Table II. — Estimated production of the 22 most important varieties of apples, shoicing the percentage relation of each to the entire crop, for the year 1015. 1 Variety. Ben Davis Baldwin Winesap Jonathan Rhode Island Greening. Rome Beauty "Wealthy Grimes Northern Spy York Imperial. . : Oldenburg Gano Stayman "Winesap Production. Relation to total crop. Per cent. 14.5 10.9 7.3 5.9 4.7 4.G 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 Thousand barrels. 2 Variety. Limbertwig Yellow Newtown. Fameuse Tompkins King.. Yellow Bellflower. Golden Russet AVagener Mcintosh Gravenstein , Others Total. Production. Relation to total crop. Per cent. 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 .9 17.7 100 Thousand barrels.^ 1,511 1,324 996 975 939 879 822 773 6G9 13,547 7G, 350 i Monthly Crop Reporter, Apr. 15, 1916 p. 35. The yield is based on the estimates reported in the Thir- teenth Census (for 1909) and upon annual reports of crop correspondents of the Bureau of "Crop Estimates. About 18 per cent of the crop was classed as summer apples, 25 per cent fall, and 57 per cent winter apples. 2 The totals do not include 320,000 barrels grown in Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Nevada, where the data were insufficient. While figure 1 shows the estimated relative importance of the lead- ing varieties on the basis of the quantity of each produced in the country as a whole, figure 2 gives similar information on a State basis and shows the estimated relative importance in quantity produced of the principal varieties in the different States. This figure is also use- ful as indicating in a general way the geographical distribution of the more important sorts. The percentages of the different varieties shown in figure 2 are given in Table III and in the supplementary text. 1 In important apple-producing States not included in Table III the principal varieties and their respective percentages of all apples in a normal crop are : Kentucky. — Ben Davis, 16.S ; Winesap, 14 ; Rome Beauty, 9.6 ; Early Harvest, 6.4 ; Maiden Blush, 4.5 ; Red June, 4.3 ; Limbertwig, 4. Indiana. — Ben Davis, 22.8 ; Baldwin, 7.2 ; Grimes, 6.7 ; Winesap, 6.7 ; Maiden Blush, 5.8 ; Rome Beauty, 4.4 ; Northern Spy, 4.2. North Carolina. — Limbertwig, 14.3; Winesap, 12.2; Ben Davis, 7.5; Early Harvest, 7.2; Horse, 7.2; Red June, 5.9. Tennessee. — Winesap, 14.1 ; Ben Davis, 12.2 ; Limbertwig, 12.1 ; Early Harvest, 8.4; Horse, 6.3; Red June, 5.4. 1 These figures are taken from the Agricultural Outlook, Farmers' Bulletin 641, Nov. 23, 1914, p. 17. 6 BULLETIN 485, XT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table III. — Estimated relative production of 35 principal varieties of apples expressed as percentages of a normal crop of all apples. Variety. Arkansas 0.7 Arkansas Black 9 Baldwin 13.4 Ben Davis 13.3 Early Harvest 2.8 Fall Pippin.... Fameuse Gano Golden Russet. Gravenstein... Grimes Horse Jonathan . . . Limbertwig . Mcintosh. . . Maiden Blush Missouri Northern Spy Northwestern Oldenburg Red Astrachan Red June Rhode Island Green- ing.. Rome Beauty Stayman Winesap. . . Tolman Tompkins King Wealthy White Pearmain Winesap Wolf River Yellow Bellflower Yellow Newtown Yellow Transparent.! York Imperial j Other varieties 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 2.2 .9 3.6 1.6 2.0 .8 6.1 .9 1.9 1.9 1.6 4.7 3.1 1.5 1.0 1.4 2.2 .5 5.1 1.4 1.6 1.5 2.1 10.4 0.2 34.' 5' .7 3.5 .3 1.7 I 2.3 I 31.3 5.0 1.7 2.4 .2 2.0 .2 .0 3.7 .3 .0 7.1 .3 2.9 4.1 .1 2.6 2.4 5.4 1.4 1.7 .0 1.1 Number of reports. . . 2, 622 .4 .0 1.6 1.0 .0 13.1 .9 2.2 2.1 .7 .3 .1 2.1 4.1 1.8 .1 .1 .3 .3 .2 .3 .1 8.9 0.3 .2 17.8 6.0 3.1 3.1 .6 .8 2.5 1.0 2.6 "Hit "".7 3.0 .0 11.4 .4 1.1 3.5 .3 5.5 2.1 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.2 .0 1.8 .3 2.3 .6 1.7 7.5 12.8 3.1 .7 2.8 11.4 4.7 1.8 .1 .6 .3 .1 2.6 1.0 1.0 2.5 .1 1.5 .2 .8 .0 .1 1.8 .3 1.2 5.3 .1 .0 .0 .2 20.7 .2 .2 7.0 1.5 15.1 10.2 0.7 .8 5.8 15.7 3.9 1.5 .0 1.6 1.6 .1 4.6 .0 1.7 2.5 .1 4.2 .4 .5 2.1 1.3 1.4 18.7 1.9 1.1 .2 1.8 .6 1.5 .3 3.2 5.0 13.4 0.1 .1 15.6 13.9 3.7 1.8 .6 1.3 5.0 .0 1.8 .3 .1 4.5 .1 7.7 .6 1.0 2.7 .2 5.7 10.8 1.3 1.2 .1 1.8 .5 1.3 .4 2.1 1.3 10.1 0.0 ii'.o 8.5 1.8 1.6 3.0 .3 3.7 .1 1.2 .0 2.2 .0 .3 2.6 .1 17.9 1.9 5.0 5.4 .2 .1 2.4 2.1 3.7 .0 .4 1.5 1.2 .3 1.4 .3 11.0 "I 02 luu 122 0.6 9 2! 7 37.8 2.2 1.1 1.5 3.8 .7 .1 4.9 .2 9.3 2.3 1.2 1.4 .3 1.7 .8 1.2 .3 .1 1.6 .2 5.6 .4 .5 .2 2.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 34.2 2.8 .4 .4 6.5 3.6 .5 10.4 1.9 .3 1.7 l.S .2 .1 1.3 .3 6.8 2.3 3.0 .4 44.1 2.0 .7 6! 6 .1 2.1 1.5 3.7 5.8 1.0 1.4 .5 .5 2.7 1.8 1.7 0.3 2.3 7.8 7.4 .8 13.8 .3 .5 3.8 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.3 2.2 12.2 2.7 .9 2.7 1.5 .6 7.1 .8 1.9 2.9 1.5 .2 12.5 0.3 1.0 3.2 3.9 .7 .0 .2 .1 8.9 .1 'i.*7 .3 .1 .4 .9 3.3 1.4 2.7 2.4 .9 .0 1.1 .1 7.5 1.4 .1 18.6 28.7 .2 .1 8.2 191 5S 03 Iowa.— Ben Davis. 15.2; Wealthy, 12.4; Jonathan, 10.3; Oldenburg, 8.9; Grimes, 4.9 ; Northwestern, 4.3. Kansas. — Ben Davis, 19.4; Winesap, 15.3; Jonathan, 13.8; Missouri, 8.6; Gano, 6 ; Maiden Blush, 4.3. Oregon. — Baldwin, 12.6; Yellow Newtown, 11.3; Northern Spy, 7.4; Graven- stein, 7.3 ; Rome Beauty, 5.6 ; Tompkins King, 5.1 ; Ben Davis, 4.9 ; Jonathan, 4.4. Colorado. — Ben Davis, 26.3; Jonathan, 18.3; Gano. 7.8; Rome Beauty. 4.8; Winesap, 4.1. Massachusetts. — Baldwin, 48.4; Rhode Island Greening, 9.3; Gravenstein, 5.7; Mcintosh, 5.7; Northern Spy, 5.1. Nebraska. — Ben Davis, 21.3; W in esap, 13.6; Jonathan. 9.4; Wealthy, 6.2; Oldenburg, 5.8; Grimes, 4.8; Missouri, 4.2; Gano, 4. lYisconsi?i. — Oldenburg, 14.7 ; Wealthy, 13,7 ; Northwestern, 11.1 ; Fameuse, 8 ; Wolf River, 7.5 ; Ben Davis, 5.1 ; Golden Russet, 4.2. Maryland. — Ben Davis, 17; York Imperial, 16.2; Baldwin, 8.8; Winesap, 7.6; Stayman Winesap, 7; Arkansas, 4.4; Early Harvest, 4.2. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 7 New Jersey. — Baldwin, 25.2 ; Ben Davis, 14.5 ; Rome Beauty, 5 ; Early Har- vest, 4.7 ; Rhode Island Greening, 4.3 ; Northern Spy, 4.2. Vermont. — Baldwin. 15.1 ; Rhode Island Greening, 12.8 ; Northern Spy, 12 ; Fameuse, 8.1 ; Mcintosh, 6.1 ; Ben Davis, 5.6 ; Yellow Bellflower, 4.2. Connecticut. — Baldwin, 42.2 ; Rhode Island Greening, 16.9; Golden Russet, 5.2. New Hampshire. — Baldwin, 51.9; Rhode Island Greening, 5.9; Northern Spy, 5.2 ; Mcintosh, 4.4. Idaho. — Jonathan, 21.3; Rome Beauty, 16.6; Ben Davis, 13.1; Gano, 7.8; Winesap, 4.6. Table IV. — Estimated average annual production of 21 leading varieties of apples, by principal States, 1909 to 1913, inclusive. 1 Variety and State. Baldwin: New York Pennsylvania Michigan Maine Ohio Massachusetts Connecticut New Hampshire. . New Jersey Other States Total Ben Davis: Missouri Illinois Arkansas New York Indiana Ohio Kentucky Virginia West V irginia Michigan Pennsylvania , Kansas Iowa Colorado Tennessee Nebraska Other States Total Northern Spy: New York Michigan Pennsylvania Ohio , Other States Total Winesap: Virginia Kentucky Missouri Tennessee North Carolina Kansas Other States Total Rhode Island Green- ing: New York Pennsylvania Michigan Thou- sand bushels. 9,071 2,351 1,868 1,545 1,394 1,360 805 780 504 3,905 23, 583 3,849 2,154 1,508 1,449 1,248 1,242 1,185 1,040 955 934 793 766 761 745 623 572 3,675 23, 499 3,797 1,966 1,506 688 2, 754 10, 711 1,888 988 765 720 639 605 3,431 9,036 4,289 727 593 Variety and State. Rhode Island Green- ing — Continued. Ohio Other States Total Jonathan: Missouri Washington Kansas Illinois Colorado Iowa Other States Total Rome Beauty: West Virginia Ohio Kentucky Washington Other States Total Wealthy: Iowa New York Other States Total York Imperial: Virginia Pennsylvania Other States Total Oldenburg: New York Michigan Other States Total Red Astrachan: New York Other States Total Yellow Newtown: California Virginia Other States Total Thou- sand bushels. 509 2,182 5,300 1,170 733 545 530 518 516 2, 303 6,405 1,138 965 677 648 2,011 5,439 621 522 2,824 . 3,967 1,377 991 1,418 3,786 638 549 - 2,103 3,290 609 2,750 3,359 1,316 638 950 2,904 Variety and State. Gano: Missouri Other States. Total. Limbertwig: North Carolina. Tennessee Other States. . . Total. Yellow Bellflower: California Other States Total. Golden Russet: New York. .. Other States. Total Tompkins King: New York Other States . . Total. New York . . . Other States . Total. Tolman: New York . . . Other States. Total.... Thou- sand bushels. Varieties each of which produces less than 500,000 bushels in any one State: Early Harvest Grimes Maiden Blush Fall Pippin Red June Stayman Winesap . . Yellow Transparent Gravenstein All others Total, all varie- ties 732 2,048 2,780 749 618 1,378 2,745 853 1,683 2,536 580 1,909 2,489 1,188 1,202 2,390 696 1,629 2,325 609 1, 167 4,923 3,882 3,610 2,963 2,743 2,720 2,679 1,857 29, 776 176. 473 1 The Agricultural Outlook, Farmers' Bulletin 641, Nov. 23, 1914, p. 19. 8 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Oklahoma. — Ben Davis, 25.8; Missouri, 12.1; Jonathan, 8.2; Winesap, 8.1; Arkansas Black, 5.6; Gano, 4. Georgia, — Horse, 14.3; Ben Davis, 12.2; Red June, 10; Limbertwig, 8.8; Winesap, 7.6 ; Early Harvest, 6.1 ; Arkansas Black, 4.6. For 27 of the principal varieties the estimated average number of bushels is shown in Table IV. The principal States of production are also shown where the crop in any one State amounts to at least 500,000 bushels. The distribution by States of the Baldwin, Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Winesap, and Rhode Island Greening — the five varieties pro- duced in the largest quantities — is visualized in the accompanying Fig. 3. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of the Baldwin apple, each dot representing 100,000 bushels, the total being the estimated average crop for 1909 to 1913, inclusive. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. outline maps (figs. 3 to 7) . It is to be noted that each dot on the maps represents an estimated annual average crop of 100,000 bushels. In the States, therefore, in which less than that quantify of any one of these varieties is reported no dots are shown on the maps. IMPORTANT CENTERS OR AREAS OF APPLE PRODUCTION. The statistical consideration of apple varieties given on the pre- ceding pages presents the best available data regarding the estimated quantity of applies produced in the United States in an average year, and the relative importance of the more prominent varieties. The figures are based on census reports and have to do with the entire crop without distinction between the part grown for commercial pur- PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. poses and that produced in home or farm orchards. A more detailed survey of the distribution of the apple industry from the production Fig. 4. — Outline map of the United States, showing- the distribution by States of the Ben Davis apple, each dot representing 100,000 bushels, the total being the estimated average crop for 1909 to 1913, inclusive. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. standpoint follows. In this discussion emphasis is placed on the f^ynr Fig. 5. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of the Northern Spy apple, each dot representing 100,000 bushels, the total being the esti- mated average crop for 1909 to 1913, inclusive. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. centers or areas of commercial apple growing, but the general dis- tribution of this fruit is also indicated. G3664°— Bull. 4S&— 17 2 10 BULLETIN 485, "C. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TTith the exception of relatively small areas located in the South Atlantic and Gulf coast regions where it is too warm, in the upper Fig. 6. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of the Winesap apple, each dot representing 100.000 bushels, the total being the estimated average crop for 1909 to 1913. inclusive. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. Mississippi Valley where it is too cold, and in some sections of the Fig. 7. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of the Rhode Island Greening apple, each dot representing 100,000 bushels, the total being the estimated average crop for 1909 to 1913, inclusive. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. semiarid regions and in the intermountaia States where it is either too cold or too dry. or both, there is hardly a community where PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 11 UJ iliiiiiilllllll 11 I j*rt(7... , ,j|fej; ^afl a = ; .5% ,340 Sl'O, 427, 176, 120. ' t T-V»i 5^^A !i eo 1 S" ^ B.S § „ B9 2 u <3 Pi 742 659 567 417 J62 350 265 212, 191, 183 168, 74, 72, 62. S2 1 s4^ < s -3ii ^ ^/T^v ^S^\f\ q-^E \ ^^v.^^^-Xij^va?.-. 1-0 y$? 1 w:$ "M M?\ '• •/• s Q :0. [ jh^ -^ V fe.- :;..-. ;•••<. . ' \ J*v ^»Q 7»r- • •• • •" . •'V:^-;';-v::i: x^h^f^v \ j y y-MV'fe--- ■■■•^«fe":* •• 7: ■ )t \\ ^ xi^:'- •' ' *y ^ ;3i!r ' i- U^ — -^f I* - *• " 1 " •" • V ,\ / ■- , v'.| \&&L : J$*. Z nS V '••.••'• J^.-VV.v^Tx:-. /\y /;j^\\«SB?:7::v&- ";•:.* ; .:.::|J| :&v' ;•• 1 .-^> — -4, . "•"'•'.*.•• •{•'•' : .?i : "" *jj>. .* . . So> c i '• •**■,*•* T * *y^>, , 1 -f*~* ^^"^ ' .'•*•/?. ;:•?;/;;':' CL - r ; J * / bJ 1 .J Q. CL < L^J* . / / r m ^i f 1 ill ***** 1 1 •* * 1 Jf / •/ / w / : / / r IT • •'./* \jS g^ iiilllllll 2 g* S" S g g K" jS g" K ; J s a Sa = iSHS§§^S rv." tS «vi •=>" o< to" ie- 1« ^f in S3 55 Sg S sq 5 SS 2 1 S « i ™ ■-'-; - 1 £ 5 .2 S?^ | — S=3 | / \ t <- /r> ~*^r ( ' 1 HELS ING ORDER s Sag^SffzisIsEiitS 5« IsslIIIiil /rS^fc^ 1 " — -^**a / 7,540, 1,6 is 7,30(1. 2,655, 3.55J. / -*• ••■."•" is ; •y. ^«- / # ^"> s ^(^OOCnt^-^Jnoirt^ > APPLES, RANGED IN DEC P | 4.62.!!, 4,225, 3,636, 3,559, 2 321, 2.759, 2.672. 2,550, ■ 1 W.Va. Me..,. Colo... Nebr.. IB.... Wash.. Mass.. Ark... 1 .^^^^J; ft •A**"'**^ >' / ^^' ' 5^ IIIISIIIII ^^Iau2Wtlir / " : "^ s ^ ,.. t . V* 3 1; 585 450, 860, 510, 916, 9->2, s _ / i § a § S 1 1 s s s k ^ st *\'* ,i y-/'-' '* r ** " ..• • jj*. / s £S I.rIIIssss s 3~ ^*~^~ < ~ < tt.- ^Xli^^" 5 _ ...._ __J SJiSSjisii 12 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. apples are not grown to a greater or less extent. The distribution of production based on the reports of the Thirteenth Census is shown in the map designated as figure 8. 1 On this map each dot represents 20.000 bushels on the basis of the crop of 1909, which is the one re- ported in the last census. The arrangement of the dots on the map is definite and significant, being so placed as to show the geographical distribution of the crop in each State by counties. The heavily shaded areas denote sections of very large production. The clear spaces do not indicate necessarily areas of no apple production, but areas in which the production is so small that no county has a yield amounting to 20,000 bushels. Fig. 9. -Outline map of the United States, showing the approximate distribution of apple orchards of bearing age in 1910. Each dot represents 500 acres. Figure 9 shows the distribution of apple trees of bearing age, as reported by the Thirteenth Census. In the same way, the distribution of trees of nonbearing age is shown in figure 10. In these two figures each dot represents 500 acres of apple trees. The arrangement of the dots and their positions on the maps have the same significance as those in figure 8. It is impracticable to present a complete inventory of the apple industry from the standpoint of the distribution of the entire product tion, but it is believed that an outline of the more important centers and areas of the commercial interests will be of constructive value to all who are concerned with the industry, and at the same time it will 1 This map, also those designated as figures 9 and 10, are from the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1915. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 13 supply a type of information the demand for which seems to be increasing. In indicating where the more important apple-producing sections are located, it is not possible to give the information for the different States with a uniform degree of definiteness, because of the differ- ences in the distribution of the orchards and also because of a lack of sufficient data. In some parts of the country the apple-producing areas are rather indefinite in their extent, with no well-defined bound- aries; in others, as in some of the irrigated valleys of the West, the areas are very definitely delimited. The locations of the more important areas of production, as out- lined in the present connection, are indicated largely on the basis of Fig. 10. — Outline map of the United States, showing the approximate distribution of apple orchards of nonbearing age in 1910. Each dot represents 500 acres. information from leading fruit growers, officers of horticultural so- cieties, experiment station officials, and others who by virtue of their relation to the fruit interests in their respective States are especially familiar with the sources of production. This information was sup- plied in response to a circular letter sent from the Bureau of Plant Industry. In most cases the varieties listed for planting in the different centers or areas of production were named by the same correspondents. The varieties in the various lists are named in alphabetical order. The relative importance of most of the principal varieties in each State is shown in figure 2 and Table III. It should be stated further that in many instances counties not included in the areas of commercial production are reported by the last census to have a larger number of trees than other counties designated as 14 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. having commercial interests. The explanation is that a compara- tively few thousand trees, if planted in a few relatively large orchards in some locality, may make a community industry of con- siderable size, while an equal or even a much larger number of trees widely distributed in a county in small home orchards would be entirely without commercial significance. The order in which the different States are mentioned follows the grouping used in the reports of the Thirteenth Census. NEW ENGLAND STATES. Distribution. — Apples are grown somewhat generally throughout the southern half of Maine, with no special centers of production. They are of small relative importance as a crop in the northern sec- tions. Most orchards are on farms where general agriculture is practiced, few specializing in apple growing. The section in which apples are of most importance includes all counties in the southern part of the State, extending as far north as and including practically all of Franklin County and the southern parts of Somerset, Piscat- aquis, Penobscot, and Hancock Comities. Varieties. — Baldwin, Ben Davis, Gravenstein, Mcintosh, Milden, Northern Spy, Oldenburg. Bhode Island Greening, Eolfe, Stark, and Tompkins King. In the northern sections of Maine, Dudley, Fameuse, and "Wealthy are of value because of their hardiness. The Ben Davis, though it has been profitable with some growers, is not to be recommended generally for planting in the northern apple- growing sections. NEW HA^IPSHIEE. Distribution. — Apple growing is more or less general throughout most parts of New Hampshire. The commercial orchards are in the southern half of the State and are quite widely distributed in the southern portions of Grafton and Carroll Counties and southward, with important centers of production located near the central parts of Hillsboro and Merrimack Counties, in the eastern part of Hills- boro extending into the southwestern part of Eockingham County, with a fourth section in the eastern part of Rockingham County. Varieties. — Baldwin, Hubbardston, Mcintosh, Bhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Tompkins King, and Wealthy. VEBMOXT. Distribution. — "While farm orchards occur more or less generally in Vermont, the principal commercial interests are in Grand Isle County, centering about Isle La Motte, Grand Isle, and South Hero, PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 15 the western parts of Chittenden and Addison Counties bordering on Lake Champlain, the southwestern part of Bennington County, and the southern and eastern sections of Windham County. Varieties. — Arctic, Baldwin, Ben Davis, 1 Fameuse, Mcintosh, Northern Spy, Khode Island Greening, Tolman, and Wealthy. MASSACHUSETTS. Distribution. — Doubtless apple growing is more generally dis- tributed throughout Massachusetts than in any previously mentioned State. Relatively important areas are indicated as follows: (1) Western Franklin County, centering about Heath, Colerain, Ashfield, and Buckland. (2) Northeastern Worcester County, centering about Leominster, Fitehburg, Bolton, and Harvard. (3) Western Middlesex County, centering about Hudson, Marlboro, Boxboro, and Littleton (this area being the eastern extension of area 2, and parts of Essex County. (4) Central Berkshire County. (5) Central parts of Hampshire and Hampden Counties. Varieties. — In area 1, Baldwin, Northern Spy, and Rhode Island Greening are the principal sorts. In area 2, same as area 1 ; also Mcintosh, Red Astrachan, Wealthy, and Yellow Transparent. In areas 3, 4, and 5, same as in area 2 ; also Gravenstein, Oldenburg, and Roxbury. The Hubbardston and Williams are also grown in some parts of the State. RHODE ISLAND. Distribution. — Apples are grown commercially to some extent throughout Rhode Island. The larger interests are in Providence County (centering in Johnston, Smithnekl, Foster, and Cumberland Townships), and in Richmond Township in Washington County. Varieties. — Baldwin, Mcintosh, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, and Wagener. CONNECTICUT. Distribution. — Apple growing is not centralized in Connecticut, but relatively large orchards are located in nearly every county. Some of the more important townships from the standpoint of the apple industry are Danbury and Greenwich in Fairfield County ; Cheshire, Milf ord, Oxford, and Wallingf ord in New Haven County ; Durham and Middlefield in Middlesex County; Cornwall and Salisbury in Litchfield County; Farmington, Glastonbury, and Southington in Hartford County; Woodstock in Windham County. Varieties. — Baldwin, Fall Pippin, Mcintosh, Rhode Island Green- ing, Roxbury, Tompkins King, and Wealthy. 1 See under "Maine" (p. 14) for comment regarding Ben Davis. 16 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES NEW YORK. Distribution. — Reference to the diagram in figure 2 and the map (fig. 8) will emphasize the relative importance of New York as com- pared with other States in the quantity of apples produced. They are grown widely throughout most parts of the State, but the areas which are of great commercial importance are fairly definite, being located in the Hudson River valley and in the western part of the State. The former region consists essentially of the parts of Put- nam, Orange, Dutchess, Ulster, Columbia, and Green Counties that are within a comparatively short distance of the river. In the western part of the State the counties that border Lake Ontario — Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Cayuga, and the western portion of Oswego — comprise the famous western New York apple district, though in reality this district also includes parts of Genesee and Livingston Counties (which are in the second tier of counties from Lake Ontario) and a large number of important orchards located about the " finger lakes " in central- western New York. It is to be observed also by referring to the acreage maps (figs. 9 and 10) that there are interests of some importance in the Lake Champlain section and in the St. Lawrence Valley. The fruit from the last two sections, however, does not enter largely into the trade. Varieties. — Baldwin, Fall Pippin, Gravenstein, Hubbardston, Mc- intosh, Northern Spy, Oldenburg, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury, Tompkins King, Twenty Ounce, Wagener, and Wealthy. The Rome Beauty and Boiken were included in a list suggested for Livingston County. The Yellow Newtown is grown successfully in restricted localities in the Hudson River valley. It is of interest to note that the Ben Davis, though comprising 5 per cent of the crop of the State (Table III), was not named by any of the correspondents reporting in this connection. NEW JERSEY. Distribution. — Conditions are well suited to the growing of apples in most sections of New Jersey, especially in the central and north- ern parts. The chief commercial activities, except as they may be represented by individual orchards in other parts of the State, are located in Burlington, Monmouth, Camden, and Gloucester Coun- ties, in which Riverton, Moorestown, Marlton, Middletown, Red- Bank, Merchantville, and Glassboro represent important points of production. Varieties. — A larger number of varieties have an important com- mercial status in New Jersey than in many States, because of the PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 17 development of relatively large summer-apple interests. The prin- cipal sorts are as follows : Baldwin, Ben Davis, Fall Pippin, Graven- stein, Grimes, Jonathan, Maiden Blush, Oldenburg, Red Astrachan, Rome Beauty, Smokehouse, Starr, Stayman Winesap, Wealthy, Williams, Winesap, Yellow Transparent, and York Imperial. Perhaps no variety is in a larger number of orchards in New Jer- sey than Smith Cider; but it occurs only in those planted at a com- paratively early period, having been dropped entirely in the more recently planted orchards. It is the conviction of some that the Mcintosh and Arkansas (or Paragon) 1 will increase in importance as the younger orchards develop. Though not generally planted in New Jersey, the English Codlin has proved quite profitable in some of the early apple orchards in Monmouth County, while the Baldwin is of value chiefly in the northern sections of the State. PENNSYLVANIA. Distribution. — In 1910, when the last census was taken, Pennsyl- vania, on a State basis, ranked sixth in the combined number of bearing and nonbearing apple trees, and the crop of 1909 fell only slightly below that of New York, which ranked first in production. The wide distribution throughout the State is indicated by the fact that only six counties were reported to have less than 40,000 trees each of bearing age. Yet the commercial interests, so far as inter- state shipments are concerned, are relatively small, and the centers of production correspondingly difficult to define. Probably the in- terests in York, Adams, Franklin, and Bedford Counties, in the south-central part, are more generally recognized in the commercial apple industry than are those in most other parts of the State. Luzerne County, in east-central Pennsylvania, also contains interests of considerable extent. On account of the great number of large industrial towns in Penn- sylvania the opportunities for growers of fruit and vegetables to cater to local markets are exceptionally good, and no doubt this accounts in a measure for the fact that so few definite centers of commercial production have been developed. Varieties. — There are at least two fairly definite pomological re- gions in Pennsylvania. Three such regions are sometimes recognized. In general, the northern half of the State represents what is some- times termed the Baldwin-Rhode Island Greening-Northern Spy territory, and the southern half represents the Ben Davis- York Im- perial-Winesap area. 1 Arkansas and Paragon are so nearly alike that it is practically impossible to distin- guish definitely the fruit of the one from the other. 63664°— Bull. 485—17 3 18 BULLETIN" 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A list of varieties that has been suggested for Luzerne County, lo- cated in the northern region, in order to provide for a long sequence in ripening, is as follows: (9) 1 Baldwin, (4) Gravenstein, (7) Mcin- tosh, (3) Oldenburg, (2) Eed Astrachan, (6) Smokehouse, (10) Stark, (8) Wagener, (5) Wealthy, (1) Yellow Transparent. In the southern part of Pennsylvania the following varieties pre- dominate in the commercial orchards : Stayman Winesap, York Im- perial, Eome Beauty, and Grimes. Many other varieties occur in Pennsylvania, but the ones named are especially important. Mention in this connection should be made of the Rhode Island Greening and Northern Spy (which occur in the northern part of the State and amount to 5.5 per cent and 11.4 per cent, respectively, of the crop) and the Ben Davis (which occurs more or less generally and which amounts to 6 per cent of the crop) . 2 These varieties, however, are evidently in the older orchards, as they do not appear to be commonly recommended for planting anywhere in this State at the present time. EAST NORTH-CENTRAL STATES. OHIO. Distribution. — Commercial apple growing in Ohio is largely in the southern and southeastern part of the State in the counties border- ing the Ohio River and in the counties in the northern part which are influenced by the proximity of Lake Erie. There are interests also of some recognized importance in the central sections of the State. The counties especially mentioned are as follows : In the Ohio River valley: Belmont, Monroe, Noble, Washington, Athens, Meigs, Gallia, Jackson, Lawrence, Clermont, and Hamilton. In the central sections : Ross, Fairfield, Franklin, and Delaware. In the northern part: Lake, Erie, Sandusky, Ottawa, Lucas, and Seneca. Varieties. — For the northern sections: Baldwin, Ben Davis, Grimes, Jonathan, Northern Spy, and Ehode Island Greening. For the central and southern sections, Eome Beauty (especially in addi- tion to Ben Davis and Grimes named above). Stayman Winesap may also be expected to give good results in these sections of the State. INDIANA. Distribution. — Apple growing is generalized in Indiana. The interests are widely distributed in the northern and eastern tiers of counties, in the counties in the north-central part of the State 1 The number in parentheses preceding each name indicates its sequence of ripening as related to the others in the list. 2 See Table III for the percentages of other varieties. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 19 through which the Wabash River flows, in the Wabash, White, and White Water River valleys, and generally throughout the southern half of the State. There are two sections of Indiana in which apples are of little importance, namely, the central part south of the Wabash River and the northwestern part which lies between the counties through which the Wabash River flows and the northern tier of counties. Varieties. — Ben Davis, Grimes, Indiana Favorite, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Stark, Wealthy, Winesap, and Yellow Transparent, The varieties not here included which are named for northern Ohio are grown more or less also in northern Indiana. The relative impor- tance of several of them is shown under " Indiana " in connection with Table III. Distribution. — There are three general areas in Illinois in which the larger commercial apple interests are centralized. The most important development in its extent includes Clay County in the south-central part of the State, which has the largest acreage devoted to apple growing of any county in the State ; Wayne, Marion, Rich- land, Jasper, and Crawford Counties, in all of which there are large acreages; and Cumberland, Jefferson, and Washington Counties, in which smaller interests are located. The second region in impor- tance is in the west-central part of the State and includes Hancock, Adams, Pike, and Calhoun Counties, all of which border on the Mis- sissippi River, and Greene and Jersey Counties, which are adjacent to Calhoun on the east. A third area fairly well defined is in the ex- treme southern part of the State and consists of the following coun- ties: Jackson, Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, Union, Johnson, Pope, and Massac. In addition to these three somewhat well-defined areas, there are important individual orchards in a number of other counties, including Champaign, Dewitt, Macon, McLean, Bureau, and perhaps others. Varieties. — The principal varieties for most parts of Illinois are Ben Davis, Grimes, Jonathan, and Rome Beauty. In the extreme southern counties, in addition to the first three named, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and York Imperial are important sorts. In Marion County, summer apples are grown quite extensively. Yellow Transparent, Oldenburg, and Benoni are especially impor- tant varieties. Other varieties of more or less general importance in most sections of the State include Early Harvest, Red June, Maiden Blush, and Wealthy for early, and Gano, Minkler, Willowtwig, and a few others for long-keeping sorts. 20 BULLETIN 485, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. MICHIGAN. Distribution. — The commercial apple interests in Michigan extend throughout the western portion of the State from Berrien County in the southwest to the Grand Traverse region in the northwest. This region covers approximately the first and second tiers of counties from Lake Michigan as far north as Manistee County, one tier north- ward from and including that county, and Benzie. Leelanau, and parts of Grand Traverse, Antrim, and Charlevoix Counties. Oak- land County, in the southeastern part of the State, also contains large apple interests, as well as several others in the two southern tiers. Besides the regions thus indicated, orchards of commercial standing occur in most sections of the lower peninsula. Apples are of comparatively little commercial importance in the northern penin- sula. Varieties. — Baldwin, Fameuse, Grimes. Hubbardston. Jonathan, Mcintosh. Maiden Blush. Xorthern Spy. Oldenburg, Eed Canada, Rhode Island Greening. Tompkins King. Wagener, Wealthy, and Yellow Transparent. The relative commercial importance of the above varieties is sug- gested with fair accuracy by the percentages given in Table III. WISCONSIN. Distribution. — A large part of the apples produced in Wisconsin ore grown in home orchards, a considerable proportion of which are in the coimties in the southeastern part of the State bordering on Lake Michigan. Commercial interests of considerable extent are located in Door County, north of the channel, including Washing- ton Island, and north of the Wisconsin River in the southwestern part of the State, in Crawford, Richland, and Sauk Counties. Com- mercial orchards also occupy a relatively small area in the Bayfield Peninsula in the extreme northern part of the State, where the ameliorating influence of Lake Superior on the winter temperatures makes possible the production of fruits which it is quite impossible to grow in other northern parts of the State. Varieties. — Dudley. Fameuse. Mcintosh. McMahon. Northwestern, Oldenburg, and Wealthy. The secretary of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society reports that only such varieties as Hibernal. Malinda. Oldenburg. Longfield. and CharlamofT are hardy north of parallel 45° except in the Bayfield Peninsula region. WEST NORTH-CENTRAL STATES. MINNESOTA. Distribution. — While some of the very hardy varieties of apples are quite widely grown throughout the southern sections of Minne- sota, the commercial interests, which are not extensive, are rather PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 21 definitely confined to the southeastern part of the State. Probably the most important section is the Minnetonka Lake region in Henne- pin and Carver Counties, but orchards of some commercial impor- ance occur in the counties that comprise a triangular area in the southeastern part of the State that is bordered by the Mississippi Kiver, extending as far north as and including Wright County, and on the west in a general way by a line passing from that county through the eastern part of Jackson County, which is in the south- central part of the State. This area is indicated on the map (fig. 8). Varieties. — The varieties chiefly grown are the hardy sorts — Hiber- nal, Northwestern, Oldenburg, Patten, Scott Winter, Wealthy, and Wolf River. Considerable attention has been given to the possibility of grow- ing some of the tenderer but higher quality varieties by top- working them on hardy varieties, such as Patten, Wealthy, and the Virginia crab. So handled, such varieties as Banana, Grimes, and Jonathan have been grown, with promise of considerable success. Distribution. — Apple growing is distributed rather generally in Iowa, being appreciably more extensive in the southern than in the northern part, with the chief commercial interests in the southwestern section in Fremont, Page, Taylor, Mills, Pottawattamie, and Harri- son Counties, Varieties. — For northern Iowa, where resistance to severe winter conditions is an essential tree quality: Brilliant, Malinda, Northwest- ern, Oldenburg, Patten, Salome, Wealthy, and Windsor. For south- ern Iowa, where the principal commercial interests are located : Ben Davis, Grimes, Gano, Jonathan, Stayman Winesap, and Winesap. The following is a list of varieties (named in the approximate or- der in which they ripen) suitable for planting in most parts of the State where a continuous supply of fruit from early to late is desired for home use : Yellow Transparent, Livland, Oldenburg, Charlamoff, Whitney, Benoni, Dyer, Wealthy, Brilliant, Patten, Eamsdell (sweet), Fameuse, Mcintosh, Northwestern, Black Annette, Tolman (sweet), and Windsor. MISSOURI. Distribution. — The Thirteenth Census reported for Missouri nearly 3,000,000 more apple trees of bearing age than for any other one State, and it was exceeded by only two States in the number of trees not of bearing age. This naturally means a very general distribu- tion of apples throughout the State, as is indicated by the maps (figs. 8, 9, and 10). However, there are certain sections in which the more 22 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. important commercial interests have been developed. Of these the Ozark region in the southwestern part of the State is doubtless the most widely known. The orchards in this region are located largely in McDonald, Newton, and Lawrence Counties, and in those through which the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad passes, including Greene, Webster, Wright (southern part), Texas (southwestern part), Howell, and Oregon (southwestern part). In the northwest- ern part of the State. Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, Platte, and Clay Counties form a portion of an important district which is made up of this portion of northwestern Missouri and adjacent sections of northeastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, and southwestern Iowa. There are also important localities in other counties in Missouri (bordering on the Missouri River), of which Jackson, Lafayette, Carroll, Saline, and Howard may be especially mentioned. Pike County, which borders on the Mississippi River in the northeastern quarter of the State, also has large interests. Varieties. — Many varieties are grown in the commercial orchards, but the leading ones are Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Ben Davis, Delicious, Gano, Grimes, Ingram, Jonathan, Missouri (Mis- souri Pippin) , Winesap, and York Imperial. NOKTH DAKOTA. Distribution. — Apples are not grown commercially in North Da- kota, except as they may be marketed locally in small quantities from some of the small ranch orchards. Varieties. — The hardy varieties suggested for northern Wisconsin and for Minnesota include those commonly planted in the limited extent to which apples are produced in this State. SOTTTH DAKOTA. Distribution. — Apple growing can hardly be termed a commercial industry in South Dakota, yet the conditions in a considerable por- tion of the State admit of maintaining small home orchards, which supply more or less fruit for local markets. The State Horticultural Society divides the State into four dis- tricts: Northern — that part north of a line running east and west through Watertown ; central — that part between the northern district and a line running east and west through Sioux Falls ; southern — the part south of the central district; Black Hills — the area in the southwestern part of the State commonly known by this name. It is claimed that in the seven or eight counties in the extreme southeastern corner of the State more apples are grown than in all the rest of the State outside the Black Hills district. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 23 Varieties. — The State Horticultural Society names the following for the different districts: Northern district. — First degree of hardiness, Hibernal and Oldenburg ; second degree of hardiness, Anisim, Patten, and Wealthy. Central district. — Same as for the northern district, with Malinda added to the second group. Southern district. — Anisim, Iowa Blush, Malinda, Northwestern, Oldenburg, Patten, and Wealthy. Black Hills district. — Summer : Tetofski, Yellow Transparent, Charlamoff, and Oldenburg. Fall : Wealthy, Okabena, Longfield, Wolf River, and Patten. Win- ter : Mcintosh, Ben Davis, and Gano. The following varieties are also recommended for trial generally throughout the State: Dudley, Iowa Beauty, Liviand, Longfield, Milwaukee, and Yellow Transparent. The Hibernal is especially recommended as a hardy stock upon which to top-work other va- rieties. NEBRASKA. Distribution. — Home orchards occur widely throughout a large portion of Nebraska, but especially in the eastern half. The commer- cial interests are quite definitely located in the southeastern section and are largely in the following counties: Richardson, Pawnee, Nemaha, Johnson, Gage, Otoe, Cass, and Lancaster (all south of the Platte River) ; and Sarpy, Douglas, Saunders, Washington, and Burt (north of the Platte and bordering on the Missouri River). Varieties. — The principal commercial varieties are Arkansas, Ben Davis, Gano, Grimes, Jonathan, Missouri, Wealthy, Winesap, and Oldenburg. For general planting, the above-named varieties may be used in a large portion of the State. The winter varieties in the list are the ones commonly found in the home orchards. The State Horticultural Society suggests for most sections the following: For early ripen- ing — Benoni, Early Cooper, Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, and Yellow Transparent. For fall ripening — Dyer, Maiden Blush, Plumb Cider, and Utter. For sections where the conditions are especially severe, the varieties named for the southern section of South Dakota are suggested in the present connection. Distribution. — So far as the general distribtuion of apples in Kan- sas is concerned, the conditions are not materially different from those in Nebraska. There are two fairly well-defined regions of commercial interest. One of these is in the northeastern corner of the State, and this, with contiguous areas in the adjacent States, makes up a region in which great commercial interests are located. The part of this region in Kansas consists primarily of the following 24 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. counties: Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha, Atchison, Jackson, Wyandotte, Leavenworth, Jefferson, Shawnee, Johnson, Douglas, Miami, Frank- lin, and Linn. The second region is in the Arkansas River valley in Reno, Sedg- wick, Cowley, and Sumner Counties. In this region the principal orchards are located within a comparatively short distance of the river. It should also be added that there are large orchards in many other counties in the eastern part of the State, especially south of the Kan- sas River, but they do not represent the heavy concentration of orchard interests that prevails in the regions designated. Morris, Lyon, and Greenwood Counties are representative of this latter group. Varieties. — Arkansas, Ben Davis, Early Cooper, Gano, Grimes, Jonathan, Maiden Blush, Missouri, Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and York Imperial. The Delicious is also giving promis- ing results in some of the younger orchards in both of the principal commercial regions. In the Arkansas River valley the King David is highly regarded by some growers. SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. DELAWARE. Distribution. — Apple growing is rather general in Delaware, with the largest commercial interests located in the central part of the State in Kent County. Wyoming is probably the largest shipping point. Dover, Smyrna, and Felton are other points having inter- ests of considerable magnitude. Middletown in Newcastle County and Bridgeville in Sussex County are also centers of some impor- tance. Varieties. — Summer- apple growing is a prominent phase of the industry. The following early sorts are largely grown: Yellow Transparent, Early Ripe, Red Astrachan, and Williams {Williams Early Red). The principal long-keeping varieties are Arkansas (or Paragon), 1 Ben Davis, Jonathan, Nero, Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and York Imperial. Grimes is reported from the vicinity of Middletown and King David from tne Wyoming section. MARYLAND. Distribution. — The leading apple-producing counties in Maryland are Allegany, Washington, Frederick, Montgomery, and Kent. The commercial interests are somewhat widely distributed in these coun- ties, while individual orchards of considerable importance occur in many other parts of the State. 1 See footnote under " New Jersey " (p. 17) for explanation relating to these varieties. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 25 Varieties. — Ben Davis, Grimes, Jonathan, Oldenburg, Stayman Winesap, Williams, Winesap, Yellow Transparent, and York Im- perial. In some of the Eastern Shore counties the Arkansas (or Paragon) occurs frequentW, while in Garrett County, in the extreme western part of the State, where the elevations are high, the Bald- win is a relatively important variety. VIKGINIA. Distribution. — The commercial apple-orchard interests in Virginia are located mostly in the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Shenandoah Valley regions. In a general way, the statement is accurate that these three regions include the two tiers of counties which extend in a northeast-southwest direction throughout the State and which have a common boundary on the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains. In some sections where the counties are small, this area is three counties in width. This territory as a commercial apple-producing area may be said to extend as far west as Pulaski and Carroll Coun- ties, but interests of considerable magnitude are being developed in other counties in the southwestern part of the State, including Gray- son, Wythe, Smythe, Russell, and possibly others. Several counties in the northern part of Virginia also have orchards of considerable importance individually, but they do not make up community inter- ests of large extent. Varieties. — While many varieties occur, especially in the older orchards, those which largely make up the commercial industry are Arkansas (Mammoth Black Tioig), Ben Davis, Grimes, Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin) — grown to some extent in the coves, on the spurs, and on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge — and York Imperial. WEST VIRGINIA. Distribution.— There are three regions in West Virginia of par- ticular prominence for commercial apple production. The seven counties that comprise the eastern " panhandle," so-called, form one of these regions, the four eastern counties constituting the more im- portant part. The four counties that constitute the northern pan- handle make another region of considerable prominence, Hancock County being the most widely known section of this region. A third region consists of the counties that border on the Ohio River, ex- tending from and including Wayne County on the south to Pleasant County on the north. In this region the orchards are located mostly within a few miles of the river. 26 BULLETIN" 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. The northern panhandle region is in some respects a northern ex- tension of this Ohio Eiver valley region, but the existence of certain climatic differences warrants their recognition as separate regions. Commercial orchards of some prominence exist in other counties, as in Barbour, Randolph, Greenbrier, and perhaps others, but the interests in them are not heavily centralized. Varieties. — Arkansas (Mammoth Black Tivig), Baldwin, Ben Davis, Gano, Grimes, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Wealthy, Willowtwig, and York Imperial. The Ohio River valley region is characterized by the Rome Beauty ; the northern panhandle region by Baldwin and Willowtwig. The eastern region is the northern extension of the Shenandoah Valley region in Virginia. NORTH CAROLINA. Distribution. — The commercial apple interests in Xorth Carolina are located in the mountain districts in the western part of the State. The principal centers are in Surry County about Mount Airy ; in the Brushy Mountain section, tributary to Northwilkesboro in Wilkes County: and Buncombe and Haywood Counties. As in West Vir- ginia, orchards of considerable size are located in other counties than those named, but as a rule they do not constitute large community interests. Varieties. — Arkansas, Grimes, Limbertwig. Rome Beauty, Royal Limbertwig, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and York Imperial. In some of the older orchards, especially in Buncombe and Haywood Counties, the Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin) occurs more or less, but it is rarely planted in this section at the present time. The Limbertwig occurs mostly in the orchards in Surry and Wilkes Counties. The Ben Davis comprises 7.5 per cent of the total crop of the State ; Early Harvest, 7.2 per cent ; Horse. 7.2 per cent ; and Red June, 5.9 per cent (p. 5), but these varieties apparently are widely distributed and occur more largely in home orchards than in those of commercial size. Though the Ben Davis is in some of the larger orchards, it is apparently a relatively unimportant variety from a commercial standpoint. The Delicious is reported to do well in some sections of western Xorth Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA. Distribution. — The commercial apple interests in South Carolina are relatively small. They are located principally in the extreme western part of the State in Spartanburg, Greenville, Anderson, Pickens, and Oconee Counties. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 27 Varieties. — The relatively long-keeping varieties that are consid- ered of particular value in the above-named counties are Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig J, Delicious, Scott Cluster, and Yates. Other varieties more or less popular are Ben Davis, Gano, Shockley, and Winesap. At some of the higher elevations in Greenville, Pickens, and Oconee Counties the Kinnard is valuable. Early Harvest, Horse, and Eed June are the principal summer varieties. The early varie- ties are grown somewhat widely in the central as well as in the west- ern sections of the State. Distribution. — Apple growing in Georgia on a commercial basis is confined principally to Eabun and Habersham Counties in the northeastern part of the State. A few orchards have been devel- oped in White, Union, Lumpkin, and other counties in northern and northwestern Georgia, where the elevations in the southern exten- sion of the Blue Ridge Mountains are comparatively high. No apples of importance are grown south of Atlanta. Varieties. — Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Arkansas Black, Ben Davis, Kinnard (at the higher elevations), Shockley, Stayman Winesap, Terry, Winesap, Yates, and Yellow Transparent. The Limbertwig (a long-keeping sort) and Early Harvest, Horse, and Reel June (summer varieties), taken together, constitute relatively a large percentage of the entire crop of the State, but they do not occur, as a rule, in the commercial orchards. This suggests the fact that, though relatively few apples are grown in Georgia, a large proportion of the total is produced in small home orchards, of which a considerable part consists of the three summer varieties named above. Practically no apples are grown in Florida, on account of the mildness of the climate throughout the year. EAST SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES. KENTUCKY. Distribution. — The commercial orchards in Kentucky are located mostly at points along the Ohio Eiver, quite largely in Campbell, Kenton, Jefferson, Hardin, Henderson, and McCracken Counties. Individual orchards and relatively small community interests occur in other sections, Warren, Madison, and Bath Counties being repre- sentative locations. Formerly there were very extensive orchards of the Ben Davis apple in Meade and Breckinridge Counties, which border on the Ohio River in the north-central part of the State, 28 BULLETIN 485, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. but to a very considerable extent these orchards have ceased to be of commercial importance. Varieties. — Arkansas {Mammoth Black Twig) or Paragon, Ben Davis, Early Harvest, Gano (or Black Ben), Grimes, Jonathan, Maiden Blush, Borne Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and Yel- low Transparent. In some of the older orchards the Limbertwig and Red June occur frequently. TENNESSEE. Distribution. — Though apple growing is widely distributed in Tennessee, the activities of commercial importance are fairly well localized. In the lower Cumberland A 7 alley, in Bradley, Hamilton, and Rhea Counties, the interests are considerable. In Knox and several other counties in this valley there are also some orchards. The largest region is in the central part of the State and includes Sumner, Davidson, Williamson, Maury, and Lincoln Counties. Summer apples are grown quite largely in this region ; also in Hay- wood County, in the southwestern part. In Obion County, in the northwestern part, a number of orchards are being developed. Varieties. — The leading commercial summer apples are Early Harvest, Early Ripe, Fanny, Oldenburg, Wealthy, and Yellow Transparent. The later keeping sorts most commonly planted are Ben Davis, Paragon (or Arkansas), Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and York Imperial. In many of the small orchards that have been planted a long time Limbertwig, Horse, and Red June occur. ALABAMA. Distribution. — The commercial apple industry in Alabama is of rather small proportions, yet there are a few places where orchards of some importance have been developed. These are located mostly on the mountain ridges or spurs in the northeastern corner of the State. De Kalb and Madison Counties, as well as some others, have such orchards. Farther south, in the east-central part of the State, one variety — the Yates — is said to be grown in some quantity. In the southern half of the State very few apple trees occur. Varieties. — At the higher elevations in northeastern Alabama the Early Harvest and Horse, for summer sorts, are said to do especially well. Longer-keeping varieties commonly planted are Arkansas, Gano (or Black Ben), Kinnard, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, and Yates. In certain orchards the Collins and Delicious are considered promising. For locations other than those having relatively high elevations, the San Jacinto, an early sort, apparently not much planted in Alabama, and for later varieties the Terry and Yates may be expected to do well. The Terry is planted quite widely in Georgia. In some sections of the far South the Kinnard also is relatively satisfactory. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 29 MISSISSIPPI. Distribution — While a few apple trees occur in many parts of Mississippi, particularly in the northern part of the State, the in- terests are hardly to be rated as commercial, except as the orchards may supply a little fruit for local markets. Prentiss, Lee, and Pon- totoc Counties (all in the northeastern part of the State) have been mentioned as having apple orchards of some extent. Varieties. — The varieties named under "Alabama " are suggested also for the corresponding sections of Mississippi. WEST SOUTH-CENTRAL STATES. ARKANSAS. Distribution. — The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, which from the north enters Arkansas near the northeastern corner of the State and passes in a southwesterly direction to Texarkana, which is near the southwestern corner, divides the State in a general way into two approximately equal sections. The portion of the State lying west of the railroad named produces practically all of the apples grown in Arkansas. While they are distributed to a limited extent in the southeastern section, the quantity produced there is negligible. In the northwestern section there are a good many orchards of commercial importance that are widely distributed. However, the apples which are a substantial factor in the trade are produced in five or six counties in the northwestern corner, these counties being Benton, Washington, Carroll, Madison, and Boone. Other counties in the same section of the State which are of sec- ondary importance in apple production are Crawford, Franklin, and Searcy. The commercial orchards which occur in other counties in the northwestern section of the State are more or less isolated and do not represent large unit interests. Varieties. — A large number of varieties occur in the commercial orchards in Arkansas, but a very large proportion of the product consists of the following: Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Ben Davis, Gano, Grimes, Jonathan, Maiden Blush, and Winesap. In the younger orchards Stayman Winesap is an important variety, but it has not yet been marketed in large quantities from this State. LOUISIANA. Distribution. — A few apples are grown for home use in the north- ern portion of Louisiana. From a commercial standpoint the quan- tity of fruit produced is negligible. Varieties. — No special recommendations are made as to varieties aside from those under "Alabama " for locations other than those having relatively high elevations. 30 BULLETIX 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OKLAHOMA. Distribution. — While there are a good many commercial apple orchards in Oklahoma they are rather widely distributed, with no very large centralization of the industry at any one point. With the State divided in a general way into eastern, central, and western thirds, the most of the commercial orchards occur in the central third of the State. Some fairly representative localities in which apples are grown to some extent commercially are Ada in Pontotoc County, Konawa in Seminole County. Guthrie in Logan County, and Enid in Garfield County. The fruit from some of these orchards, as well as from those located in other parts of the State which are somewhat isolated, is sold very largely in local markets. Varieties. — As in many other States, a large number of varieties have been planted in Oklahoma, but the really important sorts con- sist of a comparatively small number, as follows: Arkansas (Mam- moth Blade Twig), Arkansas Black. Ben Davis. Gano, Grimes, Jonathan. Maiden Blush. Missouri, Bed June, Stayman Winesap, TTinesap, Yellow Transparent, and York Imperial. In the south-central part of the State where the summers are long and usually very hot it is believed that the varieties suggested for the lower elevations in Alabama could be planted with more satisfaction than many of those which now comprise the orchards in that part of the State. TEXAS. Distribution. — Apples are relatively unimportant in Texas, though they are more or less widely distributed in the northern third of the State. This includes in a general way that part of Texas which lies north of a line extending from the southeastern corner of Xew Mexico due east to about the central portion of the State, then somewhat northeasterly to Marion County in the northeastern pait of the State. In the section thus indicated there are no large areas devoted to com- mercial apple production, though a good many orchards of commer- cial size occur. These are reported to be somewhat centralized in Erath and Eastland Counties, in northern Comanche County, in the southern portion of the first northern tier of counties, and in the northern portion of the second tier of counties in the northeastern part of the State. This territory extends in a general way from Bed River County in the east as far westward, possibly, as Baylor County. In the panhandle region interests of some importance have been developed in Hale and Lubbock Counties. In the extreme western part of the State, a section which includes the northern part of Brewster County, the western portion of Pecos County, and eastern part of Jeff Davis County should be mentioned in this connection. Apples are also grown to a limited extent in the region of El Paso. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 31 Varieties. — Various lists of varieties have been suggested for dif- ferent parts of Texas, but there is considerable similarity in them. Some of the more comprehensive lists include a number of varieties not often grown in other States. For northern Texas the following varieties have been recommended: Arkansas (Mammoth Black Ttvig), Arkansas Black, Becker, Bledsoe, Early Harvest, Gano, Jonathan, Kinnard, Lincoln, Missouri, San Jacinto, Stayman Winesap, and Summer Queen. Other lists for this section of Texas include, in addition to the above, Ben Davis, Doyle, Maiden Blush, Red June, Yellow Trans- parent, and others. It may be stated also that the lists that have been recommended for other sections of the State consist very largely of different combinations of the varieties named above. MOUNTAIN STATES. Iri the Mountain States, commercial fruit growing is confined very largely to rather restricted areas in the valleys so located that they can be irrigated. Very few of the commercial orchards in the States in this division are maintained without irrigation. MONTANA. In Montana there are at the present time six fairly well defined valley areas where apples are grown, as follows: (1) The Bitter Root Valley in Ravalli County and Southern Missoula County, the fruit district extending from Darby to Missoula. (2) The Flathead Lake district in the southern part of Flathead County, the orchards being located largely on the shores of the lake and extending northward to Kalispell. (3) The Kootenai Valley in Lincoln County, this valley area extending from Eureka in the north nearly to the border line of the State on the west. (4) The Clark Fork valley in Sanders County between Plains and Thompson. (5) The valley of the Clark Fork of the Yellowstone River in Carbon County from Fromberg to the junction of the fork with the Yellowstone. (6) The Yellowstone River valley in Yellowstone County, centering about Billings. Varieties. — A smaller number of varieties have been planted in the orchards in Montana than is the case in most commercial apple- growing regions. In the areas designated as Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, Mc- intosh, Rome Beauty, and Wealthy are the principal varieties. To a lesser extent, Delicious, and Wagener are planted. In area 2 Tomp- kins King is also grown. In areas 5 and 6 Gano, Mcintosh, and Wealthy are chiefly grown. IDAHO. Distribution. — At the present time the most important apple- orchard interests of Idaho are located in the southwestern part of 32 BT7LLETIX 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the State. There are several important centers of production, as follows : District 1. — Northern Idaho, which includes two sections, one centering about Bonners Ferry in the extreme northern part of the State and the other about Post Falls in the northern portion of Kootenai County. District 2. — The Palouse region in Latah County, which extends also into Whitman County in eastern Washington. District 3. — The Lewiston region, in Xez Perce County and also in the Snake Paver valley. District 4- — The Council Valley, extending between Council and Weiser. District 5. — The Payette Valley, centering about Payette and Emmett. District 6. — The Boise Valley, with centers of production about Caldwell, Xampa, and Boise. District 7. — The Snake Biver canyon region, which includes that portion of the Snake River valley which lies between the point where the river crosses the State line into Oregon and the Twin Falls region, where, at various points in the coves made by the river, orchards of some importance have been planted. District S. — The Snake Biver valley, in the Twin Falls region in the south- central part of the State. District 9. — The Blackfoot and Idaho Falls region in the Snake Biver valley, in the southeastern part of the State. Varieties. — The varieties in the following list, with numbers cor- responding to those used to designate the several districts, include the more important sorts : x District 1. — Banana (TVinter Banana)T Jonathan. Borne Beauty. Tompkins King, and Wagener. District 2. — Jonathan, Grimes, Borne Beauty, and Wagener. District 3. — Delicious, Esopus (Spitzenberg), Jonathan. Borne Beauty. Wine- sap, and Yellow Newtown. Districts } ; 5. and 6. — Arkansas Black. Ben Davis. Delicious. Gano. Jonathan, Borne Beauty, and Winesap. District 7. — Delicious, Gano. Jonathan. Borne Beauty, and Winesap. District 8. — Delicious, Grimes, Jonathan, Borne Beauty. Stayman Winesap, Wagener, and Winesap. District 9. — Gravenstein, Mcintosh, and Wealthy. A considerable number of other varieties are mentioned in Bulletin S3 of the Idaho experiment station x as being of secondary importance in each of the districts. For the northern districts the principal secondary varieties are Baldwin. Gravenstein. Grimes. Northern Spy, Oldenburg. TVolf Biver. Yellow Bellflower. and Yellow Transparent. For the other districts, the following comprise the principal sec- ondary varieties where not named in the lists of first importance: Banana, Early Harvest. Gravenstein, Mcintosh. Oldenburg. Bhode Island Greening, Stayman TTinesap, White Pearmain, and TVealthy. 1 The varieties here listed for the various districts are substantially those recommended by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. (Vincent, C. C, and Downing. G. J., Recommended varieties of fruit for Idaho. Idaho Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. S3, 14 p., map. 1915.) PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 33 The following varieties comprise the principal ones grown in the State on the basis of the relative quantity of each in the average crop for all the districts: Ben Davis, Jonathan, Tompkins King, Eome Beauty, and Winesap. (See p. 7.) WYOMING. Distribution. — As yet practically no commercial fruit growing has been developed in Wyoming. In a few sections where apples are grown the fruit is sold in local markets, but elsewhere the fruit is produced only in small ranch orchards for home use. The most important apple-orchard interests are located in the valley of the Bighorn River and its tributaries in Bighorn, Washakie, and Hot Springs Counties ; also in the valley of the Platte River in Natrona, Converse, Platte, and Goshen Counties. Orchards more or less widely separated also occur in Crook, Johnson, and Sheridan Coun- ties in the northeastern portion of the State. Varieties. — Because of the rather adverse climatic conditions, only the more hardy varieties succeed. Those most planted are Long- field, Northwestern, Wealthy, and Wolf River. Doubtless other hardy varieties named under South Dakota and also for the northern sections of Minnesota and Wisconsin could be grown with some de- gree of success. COLORADO. Distribution. — There are several well-defined valleys or areas in Colorado where apples are of large commercial importance, as fol- lows : (1) The northern district includes the eastern portion of Larimer and Boulder Counties, the northeastern portion of Jefferson County, the western portion of Arapahoe and Adams Counties, and the southwestern portion of Weld County. (2) The southeastern district is located in the Arkansas River valley and extends, with some breaks in the continuity of the orchards, from the Canon City section in Fremont County nearly to the eastern border of the State, although comparatively few orchards of importance have been planted east of Otero and Crowley Counties. (3) The southwestern district may be said to consist of two sections, one of which is in the northeastern portion of Montezuma County and the other in the central and northern portion of La Plata County, extending somewhat into San Juan County. (4) The west-central district consists of the Grand Valley (extending from Palisades to Fruita), the Uncompahgre Valley (extending from Delta and adjacent sections to Montrose), and the valley of the North Fork of the Gun- nison, with important centers of production at Paonia and Hotchkiss. There are other points in the valley of the Grand River above Palisades where apples are grown to some extent, Grand Valley, Rifle, and Antlers being representative points where there are 34 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. orchards of commercial standing. Aside from these disticts, where the commercial apple interests are large, the fruit is grown for home use in other parts of the State, though where water for irrigation is not available the conditions do not admit of commercial activities except in special instances. Varieties. — The varieties suggested for the several commercial dis- tricts mentioned are as follows: Northern district. — -Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, Ralls (Jeniton), and Sheriff. Southeastern district. — Maiden Blush.. Jeffery, Jonathan. White Pearmain, and Winesap. Southwestern district. — Delicious, Jonathan, White Pearmain, and Winesap. West-central district. — Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Arkansas Black, Ben Davis, Delicious, Gano, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, and Winesap. The leading varieties for the entire State, as indicated by the pro- portion of each in the average crop, are as follows: Ben DavisJ Jona- than, Gano, Rome Beauty, and TVinesap. (See under " Colorado " in connection with Table III.) NEW MEXICO. Distribution. — The commercial production of apples in New Mex- ico is limited to certain irrigated valleys. These districts have been clearly defined by Garcia, of the New Mexico Agricultural Experi- ment Station, in Bulletin 75. x In this bulletin, 10 valleys and sec- tions of valleys in which apples are grown commercially are recog- nized. Since the bulletin was published in 1910, some of these dis- tricts have been extended more or less, and a new district has been developed in the vicinity of Portales, the county seat of Roosevelt County, in the east-central part of the State. The districts recog- nized are designated as follows : (1) Mimbres Valley district, located in the eastern portion of Grant County and the central portion of Luna County in the southwestern corner of the State. (2) Rio Grande Valley district, the largest one recognized, extending from the southern border of the State, in Dona Ana County, to Santa Fe County, in the north-central part of the State. (3) The Otero County district, in the northern portion of Otero County, in the south-central part of the State. (4) The Lincoln County district, in the southeastern section of Lincoln County. (5) Pecos Valley district, extending from Roswell (in Chaves County) to Carlsbad (in Eddy County) in the southeastern corner of the State. (6) The Colfax County district, in the central portion of Colfax County, in the northeastern part of the State. (7) The San Miguel district, in the northwestern corner of San Miguel County. 1 Garcia, Fabian. Apple culture under irrigation. N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 75. 44 p., 14 fig. 1910. PEIISTCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 35 (8) The Santa Fe and Rio Arriba district, in the northern portion of Santa Fe County and the southeastern portion of Rio Arriba County. (9) The Taos County district, in the central part of Taos County, in the north-central part of the State. (10) The San Juan County district, in the San Juan River valley, in the northern part of San Juan County, in the northwestern corner of the State. (11) The Roosevelt County district in the east-central part of the State, which, as already indicated, centers about Portales. Varieties. — In districts 1, 2, 5, and 11 : Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Arkansas Black, Ben Davis, Gano (or Blach Ben), Jonathan, Ked June, Winesap, and Yellow Transparent. In districts 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10: Delicious, Gano (or Black Ben), Jonathan, Maiden Blush, Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, White Pearmain, Wine- sap, and Yellow Transparent. ARIZONA. Distribution. — While apple orchards occur in various portions of Arizona, the principal districts in which they are of commercial importance are in the valley of the Gila River, in Graham County (in the southeastern portion of the State), and in the valley of the Verde River, in the eastern portion of Yavapai County (in the center of the State). Varieties. — In the Gila Valley: Arkansas Black, Ben Davis, Gano (or Black Ben), and Stayman Winesap. In the Verde Valley: The varieties named above; also Jonathan and White Pearmain. UTAH. Distribution. — Commercial apple growing in Utah is confined prin- cipally to three irrigated valleys in northern portions of the State. In the northeastern part, in the Cache Valley, along the western slope of the Wasatch Mountains, many apples are grown ; also in the valleys lying north of Great Salt Lake, in the eastern portion of Box Elder County. A third valley is in Davis County, between Great Salt Lake and the western slope of the Wasatch Mountains. This valley is practically a continuation of the Cache Valley. In some of the small irrigated valleys in other sections of Utah minor apple interests have been developed, but they are not of special importance commercially. Varieties. — The varieties grown principally are Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, and Winesap. In some sections the Ben Davis and Gano (or Black Ben) are now much less prominent than they were formerly. NEVADA. Distribution. — A few apples are grown in some sections of Nevada for home use, but there is no commercial apple industry in this State at the present time. 36 BULLETIN 485, U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PACIFIC STATES. WASHINGTON. Distribution. — The principal commercial apple interests in TTash- ington are located in irrigated valleys east of the Cascade Mountains, the principal centers of which are the following: (1) Tlie Yakima Valley, in Yakima County and the western part of Benton County. (2) The Wenatehee Valley, extending in Chelan County from Peshastin to Wenatehee and bordering on the Columbia River to Malaga. (3) The area about the junction of the Columbia and Snake Rivers, which form the boundaries between Walla TValla. Franklin, and Benton Counties. (4) The TValla Walla Valley, in the vicinity of Walla Walla. (5) The Snake River valley, along the borders of Garfield. Columbia, and Whitman Counties. (6) The Clarkston district, in the northern portion of Asotin County, which with the Lewiston district in Idaho comprises the Lewiston-Clarkston district, as it is commonly called. (7) The Palouse district, in the eastern part of Whitman County, which, to- gether with a corresponding section in Latah County. Idaho, comprise a more or less important district. (8) The Spokane district, which comprises an area that includes the Post Falls district in Idaho, the northern portion of Spokane County, the southern part of Pend Oreille County, and the southwestern portion of Stevens County. (9 i The Columbia River valley, in the northern portion of Stevens and Ferry Counties. (10) The Okanogan Valley, in Okanogan County. (11) The Lake Chelan district, which may also be made to include certain points in the Columbia River valley where it is the boundary between Douglas and Chelan Counties between Lake Chelan and Wenatehee. (12) The White Salmon district, in the southwestern part of Klickitat County. (13) The Puget Sound region, where apples are grown in the aggregate in quite large quantities. . but do not constitute an industry of the same commer- cial purport as do the interests in the larger valleys east of the mountains. Varieties. — The principal varieties produced in most of the com- mercial areas are Arkansas. Arkansas Black. Ben Davis. Banana, Delicious. Esopus (Spitzenberc/). Gano. Grimes, Jonathan. Rome Beauty. Stavman TTinesap. "White Pearmain. TYinesap. and Yellow Xewtown. In the Puget Sound district. Baldwin. Gravenstein. Xorth- ern Spy. Rhode Island Greening. Tompkins King, and various other varieties commonly occur. The Esopus (Spitzenberg) and Yellow Xewtown are grown only to a limited extent, and are unimportant varieties in most of the districts in Washington. OEEGOX. Distribution. — The fruit districts of Oregon are fairly definitely delimited. With slight exceptions they are confined to certain irri- gated valleys as follows : East of the Cascade Range. — (1) The Grande Ronde Valley, in the central part of Union County: (2) the Walla Walla Valley, in the Milton-Freewater sec- PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 87 tiou in Umatilla County; (3) the Hood River valley, in Hood River County, including the Mosier Valley in the northwestern corner of Wasco County; (4) a3 _o> QJ W CO O aS sS a. +* t 5 a « O 3 r- S ^ o +-> S i; a «M ^ 5 o S OS erg\ and Yellow Newtown are most important; Arkansas Black. Jonathan. Monmouth (Red Cheek), and others occur to some extent. District 4- — The few apples grown in this section (The Dalles) consist largely of the Baldwin. Ben Davis. Esopus (Spitzenhtrg 1 . Winesap. and Yellow New- town. District 5. — On account of its size and the varied conditions in this valley (Willamette) a rather wide range of varieties is grown, the pricipal ones being Baldwin. Esopus (Spitzenhcrg). Gano. Gravenstein, Grimes, Jonathan, Northern Spy. Ortley. Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beauty, Tompkins King (sometimes watercores badly), and Wagener. Districts 6 and 7. — Esopus and Yellow Newtown are the most important; Jonathan (in district 6) and Jonathan and Winesap (in district 7) also occur to some extent. The percentage of each of the different varieties in the normal commercial crop for the entire State is indicated in connection with Table III. CAUTOKXIA, Distribution. — Apple growing in California is widely distributed. From 100 to 500 acres or more of bearing trees occur in nearly every county in the State, but a very large proportion of the commercial crop is produced in two or three sections. The Pajaro Valley, which includes the southern part of Santa Cruz County and the northern part of Monterey County, perhaps more commonly called the TTat- sonville district, is the most important apple-growing section in California, the two counties named producing nearly 65 per cent of the entire crop of the State. The Sebastopol section of Sonoma County is the second largest district, that county producing about 16 per cent of the normal crop of the State. The other counties, each of which produces 2 per cent 2 or more of the normal crop of 1 Lewis, C. I. Orchard management. Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 111. 96 p.. 41 fig. 1911. - Estimates of the Office of the California State Commissioner of Horticulture. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 39 the entire State, are San Bernardino (4 per cent), Nevada (3 per cent), and Los Angeles and Humboldt (each 2 per cent). The pro- duction in each of the counties not named in the present connection is less than 2 per cent of a normal crop of the State. Recent plant- ings in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties doubt- less will increase materially the apple production in these counties within the next few years. Varieties. — A large proportion of the commercial apple crop of California is made up of three varieties, Yellow Bellflower and Yel- low Newtown, grown in the Pajaro Valley, and the Gravenstein, Fig. 12. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of that portion of the estimated average apple crop for the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive, which is harvested in June. Each dot represents 30,000 bushels. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. which characterizes the output from the Sebastopol section of So- noma County. Perhaps no more comprehensive index of the regional value of varieties can be given than the summary of the responses made by apple growers to a request issued by the Office of the California State Commissioner of Horticulture for information in regard to what were the leading sorts, which is substantially as follows : It is interesting to note in connection with first choice of varieties in answer to question No. 12 [Name your leading varieties in the order of their iinpor- 1 Weldon, George P. Apple growing in California ... p. 124 [Sacramento], 1914. Issued by the California State Commission of Horticulture. 40 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPAEIMEXT OF AGRICITLTTTEE. tanee] that one man, reporting from Butte County, places Black Ben first- Four reporting from El Dorado (no two agreeing) gave Rome Beauty. Esopus, Baldwin, and Sutton. One man from Fresno reports Fameuse as his first choice. Humboldt County is represented by six growers, giving Wagener, Tompkins King. Esopus. and Yellow Bellfiower ; two favored Rhode Island Greening. Two reports from Madera County were received, both giving White Pearmain as the leading variety for that section. In Mendocino County the following varieties are said to be the best by four who answered the questions : Jonathan. Swaar, Tompkins King, and Baldwin. One report from Monterey County places the Yellow Xewtown first. Eleven orchardists reported from Riverside County, giving a leading place to the following: King David. Esopus. Rhode Island Greening ; three favored Rome Beauty and five Delicious. Eight orchardists were heard from in San Bernardino County, one giving the Jonathan first ) -\ I I \ ■■ \ 1 ^ / :g. 13. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of that portion of the estimated average apple crop for the years 1909 to 1913. inclusive, which is harvested in July. Each dot represents 30.000 bushels. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. e, two TVinesap. and five Rome Beauty. From San Diego County nine reports came, one giving Jonathan as the leading variety, one Julian Duchess, one Paragon, three Yellow Xewtown. and three Yellow Bellfiower. As would naturally be expected., only two varieties were given first place by nine of the leading orchardists reporting from Santa Cruz County ; six favored the Yellow Xewtown and three the Yellow Bellfiower. The second county in importance from the standpoint of production, viz. Sonoma, is represented in these answers by eleven growers, eight of whom favor the Gravenstein. one the Alexander, one the Rome Beauty, and one the Yellow Xewtown. One report from Tehama County gives the Yellow Xewtown first place. Tlie replies to the above-mentioned request for lists of the leading sorts in the different sections mentioned in all some -iS different PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 41 varieties, of which the following 20, listed alphabetically, are given prominence in the bulletin already cited, because of their relative im- portance in the apple industry of the State : Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig). — Grown only to a limited extent, but has some very desirable characteristics. Arkansas Black. — Rather popular in some parts of southern California. Baldwin. — Does quite well in a few favored localities in the mountains. Quite a large acreage has been planted in Sonoma County. Banana (Winter Banana). — Usually does best at rather high altitudes, though excellent specimens have been grown in Santa Cruz County. Black Ben. — This variety, or Gano, is suggested for planting instead of Ben Davis, which at present constitutes nearly 4 per cent of the entire crop of the State. pstwB, 1 ,. \ . . / • • i . . \ • ; i • ) ••'•C-^Sv Fig. 14. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of that portion of the estimated average apple crop for the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive, which is harvested in August. Each dot represents 30,000 bushels. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. Delicious. — Not yet fully tested, but considered promising in certain parts of the foothills and mountainous sections of southern California. Esopus. — Not generally grown, but recommended by some for a few localities. Gravenstein. — Does well in many parts of the State, but is of special im- portance in the Sebastopol section. Grimes. — Occurs only occasionally, but as a rule it gives good results wherever grown. Jonathan. — Not generally grown, but reported to do well in places in River- side, San Bernardino, San Diego, El Dorado, Mendocino, and Humboldt Counties. King David. — Not fully tested, but considerably planted in some of the younger orchards in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. Mammoth Black Twig. — See Arkansas. 42 BULLETIN" 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Oetley — Especially mentioned for the foothill sections in Placer and Mari- posa Counties. Rhode Island Geeening. — Especially mentioned for Humboldt and San Diego Counties — the extreme northern and southern parts of the State. Rome Bealtty. — Planted more or less widely. Reported to do especially well in the Yucaipa section of San Bernardino County. Spitzenberg. — See Esopus. Stayman Winesap. — Not yet extensively grown, but considered very promis- ing for the apple sections of San Bernardino, Riverside, and Tehama Counties. Wagener. — Reported to do well in sections of Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, and Napa Counties. White Pearmain {Winter Pearmain) . — Occurs quite generally in the older orchards in many parts of the State where it habitually does well. It is • \ : : : y I Vbssott / ... ) | . . . . . p&S-Xf. 7^'Kfw Tfr 5 ^ L • • Xf-^Bso^r*. -s • • ^v i : . . . .•••w • . • ■j JJLJfBaaS" Fig. 15. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of that portion of the estimated average apple crop for the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive, which is harvested in September. Each dot represents 30.000 bushels. The arrange- ment of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. especially mentioned for the mountainous sections of Madera, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties; also does well in the Pajaro and Santa Clara Valleys. Winesap. — Quite extensively planted in the foothills ; it is widely distributed in the older orchards in many sections of the State. Winter Banana. — See Banana. Yellow Bellflower. — Of special value in the Watsonville district where, with the Yellow Newtown, it very largely forms the basis of the apple industry of that section, but is planted more or less widely in many parts of the State. Yellow Newtown. — The comments under the preceding variety also apply to the Yellow Newtown. Aside from the Watsonville section, it is also especially mentioned for planting in Humboldt and Lassen Counties in the northern part and in San Diego, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties in the southern part of the State. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 43 ESTIMATED RELATIVE PROPORTION OF EARLY AND LATE APPLES IN DIFFERENT STATES. The proportionate quantity of early and late varieties in the dif- ferent States and the millions of barrels of each in 1915 are shown in figure 11. The designations early and late are based on varieties, those which have normally a short period of use being grouped as early and the varieties that are commonly stored or possess naturally long-keeping quality as late. The numerals shown on the map in figure 11 are listed in Table V. The accompanying maps, designated as figures 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, indicate the estimated quantity of apples in the average crops for Fig. 16. — Outline map of the United States, showing the distribution by States of that portion of the estimated average apple crop for the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive, which is harvested in October and later. Each dot represents 30,000 bushels. The arrangement of the dots within the State boundaries has no significance. 1909 to 1913 inclusive, harvested, respectively, in June, July, August, September, and October, figure 16 showing also the fruit picked later than October. In a general way, these maps also indicate geographi- cally the sections of country from which the crop is ready for con- sumption or market in the several months covered by the harvest period. It should be stated in this connection that the data which form the basis of these maps are not entirely comprehensive, but it is believed that this regional distribution of the harvesting of apples in the different months shown by these maps is suggestive as well as instructive. 44 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table V. — Estimated production (in barrels) of early and of late varieties of apples in the United States, 1915. Divisions and States. New England States: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic States: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania South Atlantic States: Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East North-Central States: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North-Central States: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas East South-Central States: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South-Central States: Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Mountain States: Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Pacific States: Washington Oregon California United States. Early varieties. 202,000 74, 000 97, 000 204,000 15, 000 107,000 132,000 326,000 525, 000 57,000 264, 000 494, 000 854, 000 085, 000 155,000 313,000 915,000 320, 000 651, 000 039,000 884,000 272,000 707, 000 760,000 73,000 507, 000 637,000 , 668, 000 ,012,000 319, 000 99,000 56,000 242,000 296, 000 121,000 118,000 49,000 12, 000 35,000 12,000 86,000 608,000 303,000 625,000 26, 330, 000 Late varieties. 518,000 279, 000 227, 000 681,000 44,000 404, 000 6,396,000 451,000 3,560,000 65,000 536, 000 2, 899, 000 1, 659, 000 887, 000 66,000 312, 000 4,069,000 2, 563; 000 3,065,000 2,111,000 589, 000 140,000 1,513,000 4,527,000 27,000 760, 000 1,488,000 2,502,000 1, 013, 000 213,000 42,000 131,000 538,000 887,000 226, 000 575, 000 224, 000 28,000 107,000 28, 000 487, 000 , 825, 000 740,000 938,000 50, 340, 000 Total. 720, 000 353, 000 324, 000 885, 000 59, 000 511,000 8, 528, 000 777, 000 5,085,000 122,000 800, 000 4,393,000 2,513,000 1, 972, 000 221,000 625,000 5,984,000 3,883,000 4, 716, 000 3, 150, 000 1,473,000 412,000 3,220,000 6,287,000 100, 000 1, 267, 000 2,125,000 4,170,000 2,025,000 532,000 141,000 187,000 780, 000 1,183,000 347,000 693, 000 273,000 40, 000 142, 000 40, 000 573, 000 2, 433, 000 1,043,000 1,563,000 76,670,000 ESTIMATED ANNUAL PRODUCTION, 1890 TO 1916. The estimated total annual production of apples for the entire country from 1890 to 1916, inclusive, based on the Eleventh (1889), Twelfth (1900), and the Thirteenth (1910) Census reports, and upon reports from correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, is given in Table VI. PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 45 Table VI. — Estimated annual production (in barrels) of apples in the United States, 1890 to 1916, inclusive. 1 [In thousands; i. e., 000 omitted.] Divisions and States. 1889 census. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 North Atlantic States: 1,024 761 404 563 80 665 2,831 201 2,518 675 507 408 342 23 222 2,687 170 1,017 1,230 1,187 793 1,190 118 1,209 9, 803 957 6,930 1,245 1,231 725 1,150 82 752 8,149 615 4,492 525 502 594 680 61 725 5,713 747 4,730 1,485 1,410 874 1,833 93 1,089 8,172 798 4,715 480 434 532 846 80 1,312 8,493 1,322 5,225 1,830 1,904 1,003 2,541 147 1,500 18, 059 792 8,841 225 467 484 680 38 753 6,557 762 4,680 735 New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts. . . Rhode Island . . . Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . 1,425 656 1,200 63 1,063 4,385 440 4,875 Total 9,047 6,051 23,417 18,441 14, 276 112 816 4,213 1,260 2,457 152 383 20, 469 18, 724 206 923 4,860 3,013 3,530 159 545 36, 616 14, 645 14, 842 South Atlantic States: Delaware Maryland 37 471 2,797 1,480 2,531 145 704 1 25 245 1,419 374 1,280 93 303 153 983 4, 213 2,415 2,400 150 506 34 306 1,812 1,027 1,890 147 530 30 198 850 404 532 34 138 42 224 1,393 1, 710 1,353 86 255 100 791 4,667 2,218 2,517 143 367 40 402 1,890 West Virginia. . . North Carolina. . South Carolina.. 720 2,728 134 273 Total 8,165 3,739 10, 820 5,746 9,393 2,186 13, 236 5,063 10, 802 6,186 East North-Central States: Ohio 4,596 2,928 3,200 4-, 385 531 1,300 1,111 1,386 2,639 354 5,219 3,198 2,882 2,788 403 262 889 880 2,733 356 963 393 483 2,403 274 3,597 1,350 2,128 4,347 375 8,239 4,263 3,897 1,803 146 6,593 2,603 3,717 7,663 508 2,552 1,947 4,674 1,260 155 1,420 500 1,239 Michigan Wisconsin 3,939 474 Total 15, 640 6,790 14,490 5,120 4,516 11, 797 18,347 21,085 10, 588 7,572 West North-Central States: Minnesota 27 1,680 2,899 33 1,265 2,420 35 1,856 3,220 40 1,017 1,381 39 640 936 41 1,452 2,569 34 1,283 4,816 74 2,239 3,780 51 1,849 3,509 89 922 784 1 391 1,238 Nebraska 283 1,200 567 2,080 194 583 254 475 355 1,760 576 1,757 686 1,530 837 1,615 428 667 Total 6,235 5,201 7,758 3,215 2,345 6,177 8,466 8,309 7,862 2,889 South-Central States: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 3,560 2,428 413 202 39 248 1,125 1,606 212 50 3,634 2,743 353 152 2,350 2,283 462 161 1,440 2,731 313 129 588 657 181 96 5,400 4,020 501 199 2,091 1,375 159 151 2,444 2,679 389 132 1,696 1,402 386 120 90 253 183 203 187 287 248 33 759 287 83 1,507 260 53 Arkansas 631 528 910 767 901 539 1,674 970 Total 7,521 3,611 8,045 6,206 5,716 2, 217 12, 082 4,816 7,522 4,887 Far Western States: Montana 2 7 17 13 18 20 27 Colorado New Mexico 24 12 1 19 10 29 98 346 552 25 13 45 27 47 27 33 30 99 33 114 50 83 33 141 83 113 58 Utah 27 10 40 174 448 585 67 10 57 231 540 797 58 7 50 204 368 690 67 3 83 274 544 970 59 7 90 273 527 902 96 7 103 382 569 1,011 57 7 117 324 238 768 143 7 80 567 747 1,370 110 7 133 Washington Oregon 686 742 California 1,100 Total 1,093 1 1.322 1,772 66, 302 1,450 40, 179 2,011 2,007 2,346 1,644 3,158 2,977 Grand total . . . 47, 702 26, 714 38,258 44, 883 73,200 77, 533 54, 576 39, 354 Monthly Crop Report, vol. 2, no. 10 (October, 1916), p. 103. 46 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table YI. — Estimated annual production {in barrels) of apples, etc. — Contd. Divisions and States. 1899 census. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 North Atlantic States: 474 660 392 1,008 113 1,236 8,037 1,547 8,020 1,667 1,900 1,267 2,100 133 1,267 15, 667 967 6,000 850 333 567 567 33 367 3,667 333 3,000 1,260 1,433 1,000 2,133 167 1,567 13, 667 1,333 6,333 1,390 533 517 1,100 67 667 15, 333 1,033 6,167 1,867 1,567 1,300 1,833 100 967 18, 333 1, 033 8,333 933 500 567 900 100 800 7,000 867 4,500 1,267 667 733 1,133 100 833 10, 333 700 5,833 1,650 700 700 967 67 733 9,333 733 4,600 600 500 733 800 67 333 11,000 433 4,933 New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts.. Rhode Island . . . Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . Total 21,487 30, 967 9,717 28, 893 200 667 2,233 1,433 2,200 143 333 26,807 35, 333 16, 167 21, 600 19, 483 19,400 South Atlantic States: Delaware Maryland Virginia 234 1,050 3,279 2,499 1,554 84 224 1 8, 925 200 900 2,833 1,400 2,467 127 300 33 633 3,167 2,033 2,167 120 233 100 900 4,367 1,267 2,067 147 367 167 700 2,000 2,167 2,200 163 400 167 933 3,367 1,600 1,667 120 233 133 667 1.833 1,967 1,567 160 433 67 667 1,733 900 867 53 167 100 733 2,967 1,767 2,367 253 500 West Virginia. . . North Carolina. . South Carolina.. Florida.... Total 8,227 8,387 7,210 9,213 7,797 8,087 6,760 4,453 8,687 East North-Central States: Ohio 6,872 2,873 3,059 2,977 101 4,600 1,500 2,500 3,933 500 3,500 2,167 1,967 1,733 200 4,233 2,100 3,367 6,000 600 4,500 1,933 1,700 5,133 467 4,667 1,967 2,000 6,233 800 1,600 1,367 1,500 2,100 433 5,333 3,000 4,033 4,567 733 1,333 667 533 3,167 567 2,000 733 867 Michigan "Wisconsin 2,333 533 Total 15,883 13, 033 9,567 16,300 13,733 15, 667 7,000 17,667 6,267 6,467 West North-Central States: Minnesota 40 1,043 2,165 133 1,767 2,767 83 967 3,500 133 2,233 3,900 200 1,600 2,067 217 2,333 3,233 233 1,267 2,100 200 2,633 6,667 300 1,200 433 167 1,000 2,033 South Dakota... Nebraska 6 448 1,071 13 600 1,767 17 567 2,267 20 1,033 1,933 33 467 1,000 47 933 1,533 40 533 1,200 57 1,300 2,567 50 300 60 30 600 1,900 Total 4,774 7,047 7,400 9,253 5,367 8,297 5,373 13, 423 2,343 5,730 South-Central States: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi 2,018 1,796 240 83 23 197 111 937 2,133 2,167 400 167 2,767 2,433 367 133 1,567 1,533 367 137 2,367 2,133 467 167 2,333 1,767 500 143 1,900 1,133 267 107 3,033 2,367 467 127 1,000 533 133 47 1,333 1,800 433 150 Texas 267 157 967 167 147 1,100 200 217 1,333 167 193 800 200 183 1,333 233 250 1,067 167 367 1,433 100 317 1,200 133 Oklahoma Arkansas 233 533 Total 5,405 6,257 7, 113 5, 353 6,293 6,460 4,957 7,960 3,330 4,617 Far Western States: Montana 15 33 27 60 73 87 103 120 147 170 3 Colorado New Mexico Arizona 86 47 4 63 4 75 243 291 1,163 200 87 3 133 7 167 650 767 1,067 243 73 7 83 10 83 623 500 1,333 400 117 7 100 13 170 767 733 1,400 333 67 3 127 20 157 867 800 1,367 103 7 157 20 217 900 867 1,300 140 17 140 23 167 833 600 1,267 157 13 143 27 203 1,000 900 1,533 40 13 73 37 233 1,267 700 1,333 160 23 Utah 127 10 253 Washington Oregon 1,067 867 California 1,600 Total 1,991 3,113 2,983 3,767 3,813 4,323 | 3,823 4,830 3,977 4,747 Grand total . . . 58, 466 68,643 45, 167 70, 777 65, 227 77, 877 | 45, 407 72,240 39, 853 49,647 PRINCIPAL APPLE VARIETIES. 47 Table VI. — Estimated annual production (in barrels) of apples, etc. — Contd. Divisions and States. 1909 census. 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 North Atlantic States: 1,212 369 487 850 71 514 8,470 469 3,683 1,183 600 900 967 100 600 5,667 567 3,867 2,267 533 750 1,000 133 800 13,000 1,033 6,833 1,800 733 867 1,100 100 567 14, 667 567 4,233 1,000 267 233 767 100 700 6,500 700 3,400 2,467 667 1,067 1,467 133 833 16,533 1,133 7,700 720 353 324 885 59 511 8,528 777 5,085 1,680 532 1,104 1 150 87 610 12,600 750 6,207 Total 16, 124 14, 450 26, 350 24, 633 13, 667 32, 000 17,242 24, 720 South Atlantic States: 61 608 2,036 1,408 1,592 121 299 1 117 900 4,033 2,367 2,400 247 467 100 867 2,400 2,600 1,200 157 267 140 883 5,000 3, 433 2,533 200 467 60 433 1,733 333 1,000 87 300 167 1,167 5,100 4,133 3,000 267 667 122 800 4,392 2,513 1,972 221 625 83 848 4,433 3,344 2,358 196 541 Florida Total 6,125 10, 530 7,590 12, 657 3,947 14, 500 10, 645 11,803 East North-Central States: Ohio 1,555 920 1,031 4,111 744 1,967 1, 633 267 1,400 133 6,233 2,967 3,533 4,100 1,000 3,533 1,400 1,933 5,733 667 1,600 2,200 2,733 2,967 1,333 4,433 1,433 1,233 5,733 733 5,984 3,883 4,716 3,150 1,473 2,867 1,307 1,616 4,160 Illinois Wisconsin 878 Total 8, 360 5,400 17, 833 13, 267 10, 833 13, 567 19, 205 10, 828 West North-Central States: 348 2,249 3,323 1 64 1,107 452 50 67 2,533 433 3,167 3,867 233 500 6,400 600 2,367 2,633 233 533 4,167 412 3,220 6,287 422 Iowa 1, 575 2,700 North Dakota South Dakota 10 467 2,200 80 1,200 800 67 933 2,233 107 767 900 67 400 1,033 100 1,267 2,125 116 567 Kansas 1,040 Total 7,544 2,456 1,547 296 89 11 56 247 765 5,327 9,547 10, 367 7,373 6,433 13,410 6,420 South-Central States: 1,767 1,733 333 110 2,033 967 233 80 3,200 2,967 400 150 2,300 1, 300 300 123 3,000 2,867 533 167 4,170 2,025 532 141 2,147 Tennessee 1,772 380 Mississippi 116 Louisiana 133 400 900 67 350 1,000 167 567 1,700 100 367 1, 333 167 500 1,667 187 780 1,183 156 Oklahoma 275 Arkansas 1,018 Total 5,467 5,377 4,730 9,150 5, 823 8,900 9,019 5,864 Montana 189 6 1,186 139 24 117 25 220 891 644 1,645 140 3 500 113 33 137 53 417 1,933 1,267 1,533 300 7 900 227 37 153 33 400 1,167 500 1,567 300 10 1,033 250 43 227 87 550 2, 567 1,367 1,900 280 10 1,100 217 30 203 53 467 2,300 1,167 1,000 300 347 256 Wyoming Colorado 1,500 300 32 267 67 567 2,767 1,200 2,000 693 273 40 142 40 573 2,433 1,043 1,563 1,015 New Mexico 119 46 Utah 33 Nevada 16 Idaho 147 Washington 3,225 1 285 Oregon California 1,918 Total „., 5,085 6,130 5,290 8, 333 6,827 9, 000 7,148 8 060 Grand total 48, 707 47, 213 71, 340 78, 407 48, 470 84, 400 76, 670 67, 695 48 BULLETIN 485, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Note. — The part of this bulletin which treats of the important centers or areas of apple production and the varieties principally grown in them, from the nature of the case, must be more or less incomplete. Reference to areas of coiioiderable commercial impor- tance may have been omitted in some instances where conditions are such as to merit mention in the present connection. Where this has occurred it has been due to a lack of definite information concerning the importance of the areas. It is also likely that differences of opinion and experience will appear in regard to sonv of the lists of varieties named for the different districts. In order that the information coming within the scope of this bulletin may be completed and made as valuable as is possible to the apple industry, the writers will appreciate any constructive sugges- tions that may be offered by fruit growers and others familiar with the conditions of apple production in different parts of the country. INDEX OF STATES. Fage. Alabama 2S Arizona 35 Arkansas 29 California 3S^2 Colorado 33-31 Connecticut 15 Delaware 24 Florida 27 Georgia 27 Idaho 31-33 Illinois 19 Indiana 18-19 Iowa 21 Kansas 23-24 Kentucky 27-2S Louisiana 29 Maine 14 Maryland 24-25 Massachusetts 15 Michigan 20 Minnesota 20 Mississippi 29 Missouri 21-22 Montana 31 Page. Nebraska 23 Nevada 35 New Hampshire 14 New Jersey 16-17 New Mexico 34-35 New York 16 North Carolina 26 North Dakota 22 Ohio 18 Oklahoma 30 Oregon 36-38 Pennsylvania 17-1S Rhode Island 15 South Carolina 26-27 South Dakota 22-23 Tennessee 28 Texas 30-31 Utah 35 Vermont 14-15 Virginia 25 Washington 36 West Virginia 25-26 Wisconsin 20 Wyoming 33 O